Vertical Governance between Airlines and Airports - A Transaction Cost Analysis

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.With airport privatization and infrastructure expansion projects taking place in the liberalized European air transport market, airport and airline companies are critically reevaluating their vertical governance structures. This paper analyzes the comparative efficiency of vertical governance structures in the airport-airline supply relationship. Using transaction cost economics as the lens of analysis, we develop propositions and present supporting qualitative case studies. Our propositions state that hub airlines and hub airports seek specialized governance structures, while value-based carriers and base airports enter into long-term contracts supported by complementary safeguards. These privately crafted governance modes complement or even replace external regulation

Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111)

As a continuation of our work employing polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile molecules and in particular the terphenyl derivative 1 (TDCN), we have synthesized a novel ditopic terphenyl-4,4”-di(propiolonitrile) (2) linker for the self-assembly of organic monolayers and metal coordination at interfaces. The structure of the organic linker 2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). On the densely packed Ag(111) surface, the terphenyl-4,4”-di(propiolonitrile) linkers self-assemble in a regular, molecular chevron arrangement exhibiting a Moire pattern. After the exposure of the molecular monolayer to a beam of Gd atoms, the propiolonitrile groups get readily involved in metal-ligand coordination interactions. Distinct coordination motifs evolve with coordination numbers varying between three and six for the laterally-bound Gd centers. The linker molecules retain an overall flat adsorption geometry. However, only networks with restricted local order were obtained, in marked contrast to previously employed, simpler polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile 1 linkers

Khresmoi Professional: Multilingual Semantic Search for Medical Professionals

There is increasing interest in and need for innovative solutions to medical search. In this paper we present the EU funded Khresmoi medical search and access system, currently in year 3 of 4 of development across 12 partners . The Khresmoi system uses a component based architecture housed in the cloud to allow for the development of several innovative applications to support target users medical information needs. The Khresmoi search systems based on this architecture have been designed to support the multilingual and multimod al information needs of three target groups the general public, general practitioners and consultant radiologists. In this paper we focus on the presentation of the systems to support the latter two groups using semantic, multilingual text and image based (including 2D and 3D radiology images) search

Institutionelle Arrangements zwischen Fluggesellschaften, Flughäfen, und Abfertigungsunternehmen — Eine Transaktionskostentheoretische Analyse

Die Dissertationsschrift analysiert die institutionellen Arrangements zwischen Fluggesellschaften, Flughäfen und Abfertigungsunternehmen unter Anwendung der Transaktionskostentheorie. Der entwickelte Erklärungsansatz und die Fallstudienergebnisse belegen, dass die Unterschiede bei vertikalen Vertragsbeziehungen und Organisationsformen zwischen Fluggesellschaften und Flughäfen mit dem Volumen der spezifischen Investitionen und dem bilateralen Anpassungsbedarf erklärt werden können. Des Weiteren wird die Vertragsgestaltung zwischen Fluggesellschaften und Abfertigungsunternehmen in der Arbeit untersucht. Die qualitativen und quantitativen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dedizierte Investitionen und die Standardisierung von Vertragselementen die Gestaltung von Abfertigungsverträgen maßgeblich beeinflussen. Die Wahl von effizienten Vertrags- und Organisationsformen wird jedoch durch die Vergabe von Lizenzen an neue Wettbewerber in der EU behindert.This thesis draws on transaction cost economics to analyze the institutional arrangements between airlines, airports, and handling companies. The developed explanatory framework and the presented case study evidence corroborate the proposition that contractual and organizational arrangements between airlines and airports vary with the amount of relationship-specific investments and the bilateral need for adaptation. In addition, we analyze the contract design decision between airlines and handling companies in this thesis. Our qualitative and quantitative results show that dedicated asset specificity and the degree of standardization of contract provisions explain the contract design decision. The award of temporary licenses to new entrants in the EU is shown to impede efficient contractual and organizational arrangements

Liberalisation of the European Ramp-handling Market: A Transaction Cost Assessment

Ten years have passed since the European Commission obliged its member states to open their national handling markets to competition. This paper analyses whether the policy has allowed airlines to design efficient contractual and organisational solutions with their ramp-handling suppliers. Applying transaction cost economics as the lens of analysis, we propose that awarding temporally limited operating licences to new entrants results in inferior economic performance. The presented econometric results on the duration of 42 ramp-handling contracts are largely supportive of this proposition. © 2009 LSE and the University of Bath

Vertical Governance between Airlines and Airports - A Transaction Cost Analysis

With airport privatization and infrastructure expansion projects taking place in the liberalized European air transport market, airport and airline companies are critically reevaluating their vertical governance structures. This paper analyzes the comparative efficiency of vertical governance structures in the airport-airline supply relationship. Using transaction cost economics as the lens of analysis, we develop propositions and present supporting qualitative case studies. Our propositions state that hub airlines and hub airports seek specialized governance structures, while value-based carriers and base airports enter into long-term contracts supported by complementary safeguards. These privately crafted governance modes complement or even replace external regulation.

Optimization of linezolid therapy in the critically ill: the effect of adjusted infusion regimens

Objectives: Insufficient linezolid levels, which are associated with a poorer outcome, are often observed in ICU patients who receive standard dosing. Although strategies to overcome these insufficient levels have been discussed, appropriate alternative dosing regimens remain to be identified. Methods: Various infusion regimens (1200-3600 mg/day; q6h, q8h, q12h and continuous) were simulated in 67000 ICU patients. The probability of attaining pharmacodynamic targets (T > MIC >= 85%, AUC/MIC >= 100, cumulative fraction of response for Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., PTA for an MIC of 0.5-4 mg/L) as well as the avoidance of toxic concentrations and concentrations constantly below the MIC (lack of antibiotic effect) or inside amutant selection window (resistance development) were evaluated. Results: Best target attainment according to T > MIC was observed for continuous infusions, followed by q6h, q8h and q12h. A substantially reduced target attainment was observed in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In patients without ARDS, 1200 mg/day was insufficient irrespective of the regimen, while a dose of 1400 mg/day administered q6h or by continuous infusions provided an acceptable target attainment (e.g. cumulative fraction of response with regards to T > MIC >= 93%). Higher rates of potentially toxic trough concentrations (28% versus 12%) and concentrations constantly inside the mutant selection window (15% versus, 0.1%) were observed with continuous infusions compared with q6h infusions (1400 mg/day, patients without ARDS). Conclusions: Irrespective of the regimen, 1200 mg/day linezolid might be insufficient for the treatment of ICU patients. Patients without ARDS might particularly benefit from q6h infusions with increased daily doses (e.g. 1400mg/day)