The stem smuts of Stipa and Oryzopsis in North America

Over much of that great natural resource called the Western Range, comprising some 728 million acres (1), species of Stipa and Orysopsis are prominent and important members of the grass cover. These are commonly found affected with stem smut; often as much as 15-20 per cent of the plants are affected, and occasionally as 90 per cent infection is encountered. In view of these grasses as components of the western range, and the general interest manifest in the nature of the stem smuts so common on them, it seemed desirable to make a study of the identity of these smuts

A study of fruit diseases occurring in a mid-western market

Diseases occurring in a market represent to a fair degree the diseases of fruits and vegetables in the field, since, in the majority of cases, the diseases appearing and developing in the markets are but a delayed expression of infection which occurred in the field. Furthermore, since fruits and vegetables in the markets have been shipped in from various sections of the country as well as from foreign lands, the diseases of these plant products represent not only the phytopathological conditions of the local state or country, but also those of any other part of the world whence they came

A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory

Far-infrared line and continuum fluxes are presented for a sample of 227 galaxies observed with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer on the Infrared Space Observatory. The galaxy sample includes normal star-forming systems, starbursts, and active galactic nuclei covering a wide range of colors and morphologies. The dataset spans some 1300 line fluxes, 600 line upper limits, and 800 continuum fluxes. Several fine structure emission lines are detected that arise in either photodissociation or HII regions: [OIII]52um, [NIII]57um, [OI]63um, [OIII]88um, [NII]122um, [OI]145um, and [CII]158um. Molecular lines such as OH at 53um, 79um, 84um, 119um, and 163um, and H2O at 58um, 66um, 75um, 101um, and 108um are also detected in some galaxies. In addition to those lines emitted by the target galaxies, serendipitous detections of Milky Way [CII]158um and an unidentified line near 74um in NGC1068 are also reported. Finally, continuum fluxes at 52um, 57um, 63um, 88um, 122um, 145um, 158um, and 170um are derived for a subset of galaxies in which the far-infrared emission is contained within the ~75" ISO LWS beam. The statistics of this large database of continuum and line fluxes, including trends in line ratios with the far-infrared color and infrared-to-optical ratio, are explored.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Serie

Tissues as networks of cells : towards generative rules of complex organ development

Network analysis is a well-known and powerful tool in molecular biology. More recently, it has been introduced in developmental biology. Tissues can be readily translated into spatial networks such that cells are represented by nodes and intercellular connections by edges. This discretization of cellular organization enables mathematical approaches rooted in network science to be applied towards the understanding of tissue structure and function. Here, we describe how such tissue abstractions can enable the principles that underpin tissue formation and function to be uncovered. We provide an introduction into biologically relevant network measures, then present an overview of different areas of developmental biology where these approaches have been applied. We then summarize the general developmental rules underpinning tissue topology generation. Finally, we discuss how generative models can help to link the developmental rule back to the tissue topologies. Our collection of results points at general mechanisms as to how local developmental rules can give rise to observed topological properties in multicellular systems

St. Paul Community Study

The State of AlaskaYe

Opioids and immune checkpoint inhibitors differentially regulate a common immune network in triple-negative breast cancer

BackgroundOpioids are the primary analgesics for cancer pain. Recent clinical evidence suggests opioids may counteract the effect of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) immunotherapy, but the mechanism for this interaction is unknown. The following experiments study how opioids and immunotherapy modulate a common RNA expression pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a cancer subtype in which immunotherapy is increasingly used. This study identifies a mechanism by which opioids may decrease ICI efficacy, and compares ketamine, a non-opioid analgesic with emerging use in cancer pain, for potential ICI interaction.MethodsTumor RNA expression and clinicopathologic data from a large cohort with TNBC (N=286) was used to identify RNA expression signatures of disease. Various drug-induced RNA expression profiles were extracted from multimodal RNA expression datasets and analyzed to estimate the RNA expression effects of ICI, opioids, and ketamine on TNBC.ResultsWe identified a RNA expression network in CD8+ T-cells that was relevant to TNBC pathogenesis and prognosis. Both opioids and anti-PD-L1 ICI regulated RNA expression in this network, suggesting a nexus for opioid-ICI interaction. Morphine and anti-PD-L1 therapy regulated RNA expression in opposing directions. By contrast, there was little overlap between the effect of ketamine and anti-PD-L1 therapy on RNA expression.ConclusionsOpioids and ICI may target a common immune network in TNBC and regulate gene expression in opposing fashion. No available evidence supports a similar interaction between ketamine and ICI

The global oscillation network group site survey. II. Results

The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Project will place a network of instruments around the world to observe solar oscillations as continuously as possible for three years. The Project has now chosen the six network sites based on analysis of survey data from fifteen sites around the world. The chosen sites are: Big Bear Solar Observatory, California; Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, Hawaii; Learmonth Solar Observatory, Australia; Udaipur Solar Observatory, India; Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife; and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, Chile. Total solar intensity at each site yields information on local cloud cover, extinction coefficient, and transparency fluctuations. In addition, the performance of 192 reasonable components analysis. An accompanying paper describes the analysis methods in detail; here we present the results of both the network and individual site analyses. The selected network has a duty cycle of 93.3%, in good agreement with numerical simulations. The power spectrum of the network observing window shows a first diurnal sidelobe height of 3 × 10⁻⁴ with respect to the central component, an improvement of a factor of 1300 over a single site. The background level of the network spectrum is lower by a factor of 50 compared to a single-site spectrum

Local Convergence and Global Diversity: From Interpersonal to Social Influence

Axelrod (1997) showed how local convergence in cultural influence can preserve cultural diversity. We argue that central implications of Axelrod's model may change profoundly, if his model is integrated with the assumption of social influence as assumed by an earlier generation of modelers. Axelrod and all follow up studies employed instead the assumption that influence is interpersonal (dyadic). We show how the combination of social influence with homophily allows solving two important problems. Our integration of social influence yields monoculture in small societies and diversity increasing in population size, consistently with empirical evidence but contrary to earlier models. The second problem was identified by Klemm et al.(2003a,b), an extremely narrow window of noise levels in which diversity with local convergence can be obtained at all. Our model with social influence generates stable diversity with local convergence across a much broader interval of noise levels than models based on interpersonal influence.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures, Paper presented at American Sociological Association 103rd Annual Meeting, August 1-4, 2008, Boston, MA. Session on Mathematical Sociolog