Interações bioquímicas e segurança alimentar em carnes

O objetivo dessa revisão consistiu na discussão das interações bioquímicas de proteínas, peptídeos, lipídios, e ácidos graxos encontrados nas carnes bovina, suína e mariscos, uma vez que esses tipos de carnes são fontes de muitos nutrientes. Durante muitas décadas, as pesquisas têm estabelecido práticas de manejo do animal e indicadores de qualidade para minimizar a incidência de carnes de qualidade inferior. Os atributos da qualidade de carnes são grandemente determinados pela taxa e extensão do declínio do pH no post-mortem. As interações bioquímicas do post-mortem do animal e o processo de congelamento dessa carne são responsáveis pelas mudanças da qualidade nutricional desse alimento, bem como seu tempo de armazenamento. Assim sendo, a qualidade da carne pode apresentar um impacto positivo ou negativo na segurança alimentar

Optimisation of the post-harvest conditions to produce chocolate aroma from jackfruit seeds

Jackfruit seeds are an under-utilized waste in many tropical countries. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of roasted jackfruit seeds to develop chocolate aroma. Twenty-seven different roasted jackfruit seed flours were produced from local jackfruit by acidifying or fermenting the seeds prior to drying, and roasting under different time/temperature combinations. The chocolate aroma of groups of four flours were ranked by a sensory panel (n=162) and response surface methodology was used to identify optimum conditions. The results indicated a significant and positive influence of fermentation and acidification on the production of chocolate aroma. SPME/GC-MS of the flours showed that important aroma compounds such as 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 2-phenylethyl acetate were substantially higher in the fermented product, and that the more severe roasting conditions produced 2-3 times more 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, but less 3-methylbutanal. Moisture, aw, pH, luminosity and color were also monitored to ensure that these properties were similar to cocoa powder or cocoa substitutes

Influence of natural and synthetic carotenoids on the color of egg yolk

Carotenoids are incorporated into the diet of laying hens in order to modify the yolk color. A natural source of carotenoids in tropical countries is annatto, which could be used in the diets of hens. This study aimed to evaluate the addition of natural (annatto) and synthetic carotenoids to the diet of laying hens (commercial and alternative) and their effects on yolk color and consumer sensory perception of fresh and stored eggs obtained from two different preparations (boiled and fried). Physicochemical analysis of proximate composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), emulsion activity and instrumental color were performed. Cooking caused significant alterations to the moisture in the preparations and this may have directly affected the color intensity, influencing factors related to egg appearance. In this study, 85 % of the panelists indicated that yolk color is an important attribute of the product’s quality. There was no antioxidant effect of the carotenoids in raw eggs. Synthetic additives should be better dosed to obtain the desired effect. Storage did not alter the proximate composition of the eggs

Viscosidade da clara de ovo proveniente de poedeiras de diferentes espécies com aditivos comerciais e naturais

Yolk color and egg white (albumen) cleanliness and viscosity are important parameters by which consumers judge the quality of eggs. This study aimed to investigate changes in albumen viscosity during storage of eggs for up to 36 days from two different commercial laying hen strains (Carijo Barbada and Isa Brown) fed a diet containing annatto (1.5 and 2.0%) or a synthetic additive without synthetic colorants (control). Analyses of humidity, albumen height, pH, viscosity, foam formation, and stability were carried out on eggs. Carijo Barbada strain had smaller albumen, lower humidity and higher egg white viscosity than Isa Brown strain; however, with storage, viscosity lowered significantly on both strains. Initially, the addition of 2.0% of annatto or a synthetic additive increased viscosity in both strains, but with storage only the control maintained longer viscosity. Lower viscosity did not change foam density and stability

Influence of natural and synthetic carotenoids on the color of egg yolk

ABSTRACT Carotenoids are incorporated into the diet of laying hens in order to modify the yolk color. A natural source of carotenoids in tropical countries is annatto, which could be used in the diets of hens. This study aimed to evaluate the addition of natural (annatto) and synthetic carotenoids to the diet of laying hens (commercial and alternative) and their effects on yolk color and consumer sensory perception of fresh and stored eggs obtained from two different preparations (boiled and fried). Physicochemical analysis of proximate composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), emulsion activity and instrumental color were performed. Cooking caused significant alterations to the moisture in the preparations and this may have directly affected the color intensity, influencing factors related to egg appearance. In this study, 85 % of the panelists indicated that yolk color is an important attribute of the product’s quality. There was no antioxidant effect of the carotenoids in raw eggs. Synthetic additives should be better dosed to obtain the desired effect. Storage did not alter the proximate composition of the eggs

Influence of animal fat substitution by vegetal fat on Mortadella-type products formulated with different hydrocolloids

Meat has played a crucial role in human evolution and is an important component of a healthy and well-balanced diet on account of its nutritional properties, its high biological value as a source of protein, and the vitamins and minerals it supplies. We studied the effects of animal fat reduction and substitution by hydrogenated vegetal fat, sodium alginate and guar gum. Fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, color and instrumental texture as well as the sensorial difference between low, substituted-fat and the traditional formulations for mortadella-type products were analyzed. Both substitution and reduction of animal fat decreased the saturated fatty acids percentage from 40% down to 31%. A texture profile analysis showed differences between the formulations. Furthermore, lipid oxidation values were not significant for treatments as regards the type and quantity of fat used while the use of sodium alginate and guar gum reduced the amounts of liquid released after cooking. Animal fat substitution does cause, however, a difference in overall sensorial perception compared with non-substituted products. The results confirm the viability of substituting vegetal fat for animal fat

Semente de jaca torrada como um substituto potencial do aroma de chocolate: obtenção, composição, olfatometria e aplicação

Jackfruit seeds are an under-utilized waste in many tropical countries. In this work, we demonstrated the potential of roasted jackfruit seeds to generate chocolate aroma for use as a cocoa substitute in foodstuffs. Twenty-seven different flours were produced from a hard pulp variety of jackfruit by drying (DJS), acidifying (AJS), or fermenting (FJS) the seeds prior to roasting under different time/temperature combinations. The chocolate aroma of groups of four flours were ranked by a sensory panel (n=162) and response surface methodology was used to identify optimum conditions for producing chocolate aroma. Pyrazines were analyzed instrumentally as markers of chocolate aroma, while moisture, pH, and color were also monitored. The best chocolate aroma was produced in three jackfruit seed flours: DJS, AJS, and FJS. Volatile and semi-volatile compound contents were evaluated by GC-MS, GC-O, and SPE-GC in these three jackfruit seed flours and their profiles were compared with the profile of cocoa powder. These flours were also evaluated for their solubility, swelling power, wettability, apparent density, viscosity, sensory preference, and intensity of chocolate aroma. The central composite design was used to optimize the solubility and swelling power. Water temperature and time to flour exposition were the response variables. Owing to their differing volatile compositions, two different flours (DJS and FJS) were applied in six cappuccino formulations with 50%, 75%, and 100% substitution of cocoa powder with jackfruit seed flours. The consumers acceptance of cappuccinos (n=126) and the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) were used to describe the preparations. Physicochemical properties in cappuccino formulations were also evaluated. The greatest relative concentration of pyrazines (p<=0.05) was formed in dry, acidified, and fermented flour when we used 156, 165, and 154°C, respectively. Clearly, fermentation is necessary to improve the chocolate aroma of jackfruit seeds, and it is possible to select the best roasting conditions for each treatment to optimize the sensory perception of chocolate aroma. These optimal treatment conditions were found to be 171°C for 47 min in DJS, 180°C for 40 min in AJS, and 154°C for 35 min in FJS. FJS had higher solubility and wettability than other flours. The viscosities of jackfruit seed flours were low with high solubility, properties that are desirable in cocoa powder (CP). Chocolate aroma was most intense for FJS. Therefore, jackfruit seed flours have technological properties and chocolate aroma similar to or better than CP and commercial chocolate (CC). For cappuccino formulations, 50% and 75% cocoa powder was replaced with dry jackfruit seed flour, and there was no change in sensory acceptability or technological properties. The principal component analysis of QDA explained 90% of variance. The primary characteristics of cappuccinos made with dry jackfruit seeds were cappuccino, chocolate, cinnamon, and coffee aromas, and cappuccino and chocolate tastes. Indeed, dry jackfruit seed flour is an innovative cocoa powder substitute; it could be used in food preparations, consequently utilizing this tropical fruit waste by incorporating it as an ingredient in a common product of the human diet.As sementes de jaca são subaproveitadas em muitos países tropicais. Neste estudo, foi possível demonstrar que as sementes de jaca torrada possuem potencial para produzir aroma de chocolate e podem ser utilizada como um substituto do cacau em alimentos processados. Vinte e sete farinhas foram produzidas com a semente de jaca da variedade dura através de secagem (DJS), acidificação (AJS), ou fermentação (FJS) as sementes foram submetidas sob diferentes combinações de tempo e temperatura de torra. O aroma de chocolate quanto aos grupos de farinha foram avaliados sensorialmente por painel (n=162) e a metodologia superfície de resposta foi utilizada para identificar a melhor condição para produzir aroma de chocolate. As pirazinas foram instrumentalmente analisadas como marcadores do aroma de chocolate. Assim como, umidade, pH e cor também foram monitorados. O melhor aroma de chocolate foi produzido para as três farinhas de semente de jaca: DJS, AJS e FJS. Compostos voláteis e semi-volateis foram avaliados utilizando GC-MS; GC-O e SPE-GC nesses três tratamentos as farinhas de sementes de jaca seus perfis foram comparados com o perfil do cacau em pó. Essas farinhas foram também avaliadas quanto sua solubilidade, molhabilidade, densidade aparente, viscosidade, preferência sensorial e intensidade do aroma de chocolate. O delineamento com ponto central foi utilizado para otimizar a solubilidade e o poder de absorção. As variáveis respostas foram temperatura da água e tempo de exposição da farinha. Devido a sua composição diferenciada quanto aos compostos voláteis, duas diferentes farinhas (DJS e FJS) foram aplicadas em seis formulações de cappuccino com 50, 75 e 100% de substituição do pó de cacau por farinha de semente de jaca. A aceitação dos cappuccinos pelos consumidores (n=126) e a análise quantitativa descritiva (ADQ) foram utilizadas para descrever as preparações. Propriedades físico-químicas das formulações de cappuccino também foram avaliadas. A maior concentração relativa de pirazinas foi formada em farinhas seca, acidificada e fermentada quando utilizado 156, 165 e 154°C, respectivamente. Claramente a fermentação é necessária para melhorar o aroma de chocolate da farinha de semente de jaca, foi possível selecionar a melhor condição de torração para cada tratamento quanto à percepção sensorial do aroma de chocolate. Essas condições ótimas foram encontradas como 171°C para 47 minutos para farinha seca; 180°C durante 40 minutos para as sementes acidificadas e 154°C durante 35 minutos para as farinhas fermentadas com alta solubilidade e molhabilidade em comparação com as demais farinhas. A viscosidade da farinha de semente de jaca foi baixa com alta solubilidade o que é desejável para o cacau em pó (CP). O aroma de chocolate foi mais intenso para FJS. Assim, as farinhas de semente de jaca tiveram propriedades tecnológicas e aroma de chocolate similar ou melhor que CP e de chocolate comercial (CC). Para as formulações de cappuccino 50 e 75% de pó de cacau foram substituídas por farinha de semente de jaca seca, e não houve mudança na aceitabilidade sensorial e nas propriedades tecnológicas A análise de componentes principais para ADQ explicou 90% da variância. A principal característica dos cappuccinos feitos com semente de jaca seca quanto ao aroma foram cappuccino, chocolate, canela e café e cappuccino e chocolate para o sabor. Assim, a farinha de semente de jaca seca é um substituto inovador do pó de cacau, este pode ser utilizado em preparações alimentícias, consequentemente este resíduo agroindustrial pode ser incorporado como ingrediente comum na dieta humana

Reduced levels of fat in Italian sausages and its influence on sensory tasters of different ages

A busca por um estilo de vida saudável é crescente sendo desafiante para a indústria alimentícia atender às demandas atuais de mercado. A idade do consumidor é variável importante frente às expectativas dos indivíduos. Pois os jovens em geral são saudáveis, estão em fase de descobertas, mudanças e em formação de opinião, enquanto os idosos possuem preferências consolidadas e geralmente apresentam restrições alimentares. Neste contexto, para produtos cárneos, o reduzido teor de gordura e a mastigabilidade são características atrativas. Para o desenvolvimento de produtos cárneos diferenciados são práticas usuais as combinações de ingredientes não cárneos passíveis de substituir a gordura, ou ainda a redução de ácidos graxos saturados por meio da utilização de óleos vegetais para substituir a gordura suína. Contudo, raros são os estudos que abordam simultaneamente a redução e a substituição de gordura avaliando a influência destas modificações na percepção sensorial de consumidores com diferentes idades. Assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo principal viabilizar a obtenção de emulsionados com alta redução de gordura animal e aceitabilidade sensorial, utilizando ingredientes não cárneos (alginato, guar e soro de leite) associados à gordura vegetal; além de comparar os perfis sensoriais obtidos por jovens, adultos e idosos treinados. Nas formulações a gordura foi reduzida em 66% e o máximo de substituição foi de 100% do toucinho. Sendo as formulações: CA e CV os tratamentos controles contendo respectivamente 24% de gordura animal (A) e gordura vegetal (V) na massa; RGA (reduzida gordura animal) e RGV (reduzida gordura vegetal) com teor reduzido para 12% de gordura na massa; enquanto RGAH (reduzida gordura animal com hidrocolóides) e RGVH (reduzida gordura vegetal com hidrocolóides) possuem 12% de gordura e foram adicionados de soro de leite (1,2%), alginato (0,25%) e goma guar (0,05%). A substituição da gordura animal por vegetal modificou a qualidade do produto principalmente quanto à textura (elasticidade e mastigabilidade). A redução de gordura diminuiu o potencial oxidativo e o teor de ácidos graxos saturados, minimizou as perdas na cocção e apresentou a maior aceitação sensorial. Os resultados dos consumidores demonstrou que nenhum dos tratamentos foi estatisticamente (p>0,05) preferido, entretanto 64% dos consumidores preferiram os produtos com teor reduzido de gordura. Os consumidores com mais idade não conseguiram diferenciar as amostras. Entre os grupos treinados, os perfis sensoriais obtidos foram diferentes, porém os grupos treinados destacaram que a redução da gordura animal proporcionou a obtenção de produtos com características mais similares aos tradicionais quando comparados aos substituídos por gordura vegetal. Conclui-se que o novo produto deve possuir apelo à saudabilidade, ressaltando seu teor de gordura e suas características diferenciadas quanto à maciez e mastigação. Esta pesquisa aponta um caminho promissor para pesquisas envolvendo a utilização de fontes lipídicas diferenciadas associadas aos hidrocolóides em produtos cárneos. Além disso, ele estudo reforça a importância da seleção de grupos de provadores para testes sensoriais dependendo do público alvo do produto a ser desenvolvido. Destaca-se ainda a necessidade de aprimoramento das análises sensoriais descritivas, sendo os mapas de referências, utilizados neste trabalho, uma ferramenta simples que auxilia os provadores na obtenção de resultados.The search for a healthy lifestyle, it have been a challenge for the food industry meet the demands of current market. The consumer age is an important variable to obtain the expectations of individuals. Young people in general are healthy, and they are in opinion formation, while the elderly have consolidated preferences and often should have dietary restrictions. In this context, for the low-fat meat products and chewiness are attractive features. For the development of meat products differentiated, are common to combine nonmeat ingredients that can substitute the fat, or the reduction of composition saturated by the use of vegetable oils to replace pork fat. However, few are the studies that consider both requirements: the reduction and replacement of fat assessing the influence of these changes in sensory perception of consumers of different ages. Thus, the present has the main objective to facilitate obtaining emulsified with high fat reduction and sensory acceptability, using nonmeat ingredients, associated with vegetable fat, in addition to compare the sensory profiles obtained by youth, adults and seniors trained. Three processes were performed at different time periods from the standardization of the raw material. In the formulations fat was reduced by 66% and the maximum was 100% replacement of fat. Being formulations: CA and CV treatments controls containing respectively 24% animal fat (A) and vegetable fat (V) the mass; RGA (reduced animal fat) and RGV (reduced vegetable fat) with content reduced to 12% fat mass, while RGAH (reduced animal fat with hydrocolloids), and RGVH (reduced fat with vegetable hydrocolloids) have 12% fat and added whey (1.2%), sodium alginate (0.25%) and guar gum (0.05%). The replacement of animal fat to vegetable modified product quality especially in regard to texture (elasticity and chewiness). The reduction of fat decreased the oxidative potential and of saturated fatty acids, downplayed cooking loss and had the highest sensory acceptance. The results demonstrate the consumer 110 that no treatment was considered preferred, though 64% of consumers prefer products with reduced fat content. Older consumers could not differentiate the samples. Among the groups trained sensory profiles obtained were different, the trained groups emphasized that the reduction in animal fat afforded to obtain products with characteristics similar to those when compared to traditional replaced by vegetable fat (RGV and RGVH). We conclude that the new product should have appeal to healthiness, highlighting its fat content and its distinctive characteristics as the softness and chewing. This result shows promising areas for future research involving the use of different lipid sources associated with hydrocolloids in meat products associated with different lipid sources. This study reinforces the importance of the selection of groups of assessors depending on the target audience of the product to be developed. Another important point is the need for improvement of sensory descriptive analysis, with the maps of references used in this work a simple tool that helps testers in getting results