Assessment of request, distribution and using of platelet concentrates in hospital’s emergency department of Rasool Akram in Tehran

Background: Indiscriminate or no indication prescribed blood products can increase health care costs, transmission of infection, infusion-related complications and improper disposal of blood products and inappropriate distribution of blood products can reduce blood bank reserves. Objective: This study was performed to determine the index of platelet concentrate transfusion in an emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 28 patients admitted in the emergency department, Rasool Akram hospital, Tehran for one year (October, 2014-2015). Infusion index include crossmatch / transfusion ratio (C/T Ratio), transfusion ratio (T%) and transfusion index (TI), separately were identified. Also, the non-infusion or incomplete injection units were recorded. For data analysis student T-Test and analysis of variance and chi-square were used. Findings: 17 (60.7%) cases were men and 11 (39.3%) were female with mean age 47.36±21.30 years. The most requests for platelet concentrate were pre-operation preparation (16 cases). In 15 cases, 10 units of platelet concentrate was request for the each patient. A total of 249 units of platelet concentrate were requested for 28 patients, which 141 units were used (56.62%). Transfusion ratio, C/T ratio and TI were 71.42%, 1.76 and 5.03, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the platelet concentrate transfusion indexes in the emergency department were acceptable and can be used as a suitable approach in the management of blood products in emergency departments of the hospital

Assessment of request, distribution and using of fresh frozen plasma in Hospital’s Emergency Department in Rasool Akram Hospital

Background: Uncontrolled prescribing of blood products can cause reduce blood bank reserves and inappropriate distribution of blood products. Objective: The goal of this study was to determine of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion indicators in emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in patients admitted to the emergency department of Rasoul Akram, Tehran, Iran for one year (September 2016 to 2017). Findings: Seventy patients (47M/23F) were assessed with the mean age 57.96±18.22 years. Totally 294 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were requested for patients and 93 units (31.64%) were used. The most indication for FFP unit request was acute and chronic anemia. Conclusion: Transfusion rate and index were within acceptable limits, while the crossmatch to transfusion ratio (C/T) was undesirable. Keywords: Products blood, Fresh frozen plasma, Transfusion ratio, Transfusion inde

Assessment of Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Functional Impairments among a Group of Garbage Collectors

Garbage collectors areoccupationally exposed to a variety of airborne contaminants. The mainobjective of this study was to evaluate the respiratory health of garbagecollectors. This study was carried out in Fars Province, south of Iran. A groupof 105 garbage collectors and 93 referent subjects were investigated. Astandard questionnaire was administered to both groups. Furthermore, subjectsunderwent Pulmonary Function Tests. The data revealed that a few symptoms ofrespiratory disease were significantly more prevalent among garbage collectors.Likewise, significant decrements were observed in some parameters of pulmonaryfunction such as FEV1and FEV1/FVC ratio among garbage collectors. Theventilatory disorder found in spirometry of garbage collectors was consistentwith that of obstructive pulmonary disease. Our findings indicate that theprevalence of respiratory symptoms as well as impaired lung functionalcapacities were more common among garbage collectors than in their controlcounterparts. This is likely to be attributed to the occupational exposure ofthis group to workplace contaminants, particularly, bioaerosols

Breast cancer epigenetics: review article

Stable molecular changes during cell division without any change in the sequence of DNA molecules is known as epigenetic. Molecular mechanisms involved in this process, including histone modifications, methylation of DNA, protein complex and RNA antisense. Cancer genome changes happen through a combination of DNA hypermethylation, long-term epigenetic silencing with heterozygosis loss and genomic regions loss. Different combinations of N-terminal’s changes cooperate with histone variants with a specific role in gene regulation. It have led to load a setting histone that determine transcription potential of a particular gene or genomic regions. DNA methylation analysis in genome region using methylation-specific digital karyotyping of normal breast tissue detect gene expression patterns and DNA specific methylation can be found in breast carcinoma too more than 100 genes in breast tumors or cell lines of breast cancer are reported hypermethylated. Important of DNA methylation on cancer has been concentrated CpG islands hypermethylation. Most of the techniques are able to identify hypermethylated areas. Often, methylated genes play important role in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis and tissue invasion, angiogenesis and hormonal signaling. Cyclin D2 (CCND2) gene is an important regulator of cell cycle and increased of expression inhibits the transition from G1 to S cell cycle. This gene is frequently methylated in breast cancer and has been proposed as the first event. Other cell cycle regulator is p16ink4A / CDKN2A that methylated in a large number of human cancers, including breast cancer. Another regulator of the proliferation of breast cancer that methylated is tumor suppressor RAR-β cancer that has been found in lobular and ductal carcinoma. Recent studies have showed the role of epigenetic silencing in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in which tumor suppressor genes have been changed by acetylation and DNA deacetylation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have different roles in cancer cells and could show the ways of new treatment for breast cancer. In this review, various aspects of breast cancer epigenetics and its applications in diagnosis, prediction and treatment are described