Protein Thermal Denaturation of Beef Muscle: Neutron Imaging and spectroscopies

International audienceOpen Food System is an industrial innovation project having as goal the development of “smart” domestic appliances, which can pilot cooking process of meat and fish without any human intervention. My Ph.D research belongs to that huge project with the purpose to follow the evolution of cooking process at molecular scale, describing biochemical reactions occurring among muscle constituents and associating them to macroscopic characteristics (texture, colour, …). Thermal denaturation of muscle proteins was studied by spectroscopy technics, able to observe their conformational modifications due to the application of several temperature/time conditions. Spectroscopy signatures (infrared and fluorescence) of these conformational changes (molecular scale) were measured, according to the applied cooking degree (low, middle and high cooked). Statistical analysis of gathered data through spectroscopy analyses showed that low cooked samples were separated from ones cooked at medium and high temperatures. To provide more structural information at a different scale (macroscopic > 100 μm), we performed neutron-imaging experiements. We were able to follow the morphology evolution of samples due to myofibrils contraction and water migration inside the matrix after cooking. Key words: muscle, proteins, temperature, spectroscopies, neutron imaging Acknowledgements: Open Food System is a research project tagged by Vitagora, Cap Digital, Imaginove, Aquimer, Microtechniques and Agrimip, financed by the French state and by the Franche-Comté Council as part of Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir run by Bpifrance

Burgundy red wines’ representations for those involved in the sector

International audienceLes différents segments de professionnels de la filière vitivinicole partagent-t-ils les mêmes représentations vis-à-visdes vins rouges de Bourgogne? Tel le est la question à laquelle nous avons souhaité répondre. Afin d’évaluer dans un premier temps le degré de convergence des réponses sensorielles, visuelles et olfacto-gustatives, deux familles d’acteurs de la filière bourguignonne ont été étudiées: celle des professionnels amont(viticulteurs, œnologues,techniciens) et celle des professionnels aval (restaurateurs,sommeliers,cavistes, commerciaux grande distribution). L’approche sensorielle convoquée ici reposait sur la mesure intrinsèque d’exemplarité. [1]Pour ce faire, 40 vins rouges de Bourgogne d’entrée et de moyenne gamme, de cépage Pinot noir, du millésime 2010 illustrant la diversité de l’offre (appellations régionales et certaines communales, zones viticoles, type d’acteurs, prix, facteurs technologiques et humains,...) ont été présentés aux deux panels professionnels. Au total, 38 sujets ont été réunis: 20 professionnels amont et 18 professionnels aval. L’enjeu était double: (i)déterminer le degré d’accord ou de désaccord entre sujets,cela en fonction de la famille d’acteurs considérée, (ii) bipolariser les vins à l’issue des mesures d’exemplarité. Les participants devaient également répondre à un questionnaire sur leurs pratiques et leurs représentations à l’égard des vins rouges de Bourgogne. Enfin, une analyse conjointe a été menée afin de déterminer les attributs extrinsèques (prix,nom de marque, appellation d’origine,...) les plus importants aux yeux des professionnels dans la discrimination et le positionnement commercial de tels vins

REPRESENTATION S DES VINS ROUGES DE BOURGOGNE CHEZ LES ACTEURS DE LA FILIERE : UN EFFET AMONT vs AVAL ?

National audienceLes différents segments de professionnels de la filière vitivinicole partagent-t-ils les mêmes représentations vis-à-visdes vins rouges de Bourgogne? Tel le est la question à laquelle nous avons souhaité répondre. Afin d’évaluer dans un premier temps le degré de convergence des réponses sensorielles, visuelles et olfacto-gustatives, deux familles d’acteurs de la filière bourguignonne ont été étudiées: celle des professionnels amont(viticulteurs, œnologues,techniciens) et celle des professionnels aval (restaurateurs,sommeliers,cavistes, commerciaux grande distribution). L’approche sensorielle convoquée ici reposait sur la mesure intrinsèque d’exemplarité. [1]Pour ce faire, 40 vins rouges de Bourgogne d’entrée et de moyenne gamme, de cépage Pinot noir, du millésime 2010 illustrant la diversité de l’offre (appellations régionales et certaines communales, zones viticoles, type d’acteurs, prix, facteurs technologiques et humains,...) ont été présentés aux deux panels professionnels. Au total, 38 sujets ont été réunis: 20 professionnels amont et 18 professionnels aval. L’enjeu était double: (i)déterminer le degré d’accord ou de désaccord entre sujets,cela en fonction de la famille d’acteurs considérée, (ii) bipolariser les vins à l’issue des mesures d’exemplarité. Les participants devaient également répondre à un questionnaire sur leurs pratiques et leurs représentations à l’égard des vins rouges de Bourgogne. Enfin, une analyse conjointe a été menée afin de déterminer les attributs extrinsèques (prix,nom de marque, appellation d’origine,...) les plus importants aux yeux des professionnels dans la discrimination et le positionnement commercial de tels vins

A Novel Collaboration to Reduce the Travel-Related Cost of Residency Interviewing

Introduction: Interviewing for residency is a complicated and often expensive endeavor. Literature has estimated interview costs of $4,000 to$15,000 per applicant, mostly attributable to travel and lodging. The authors sought to reduce these costs and improve the applicant interview experience by coordinating interview dates between two residency programs in .Methods: Two emergency medicine residency programs scheduled contiguous interview dates for the 2015-2016 interview season. A survey was used to assess applicant experiences interviewing in and attitudes regarding coordinated scheduling. Data on utilization of coordinated dates were obtained from interview scheduling software. The target group for this intervention consisted of applicants from medical schools outside that completed interviews at both programs.Results: Of the 158 applicants invited to both programs, 84 (53%) responded to the survey. Scheduling data was available for all applicants. The total estimated cost savings for target applicants coordinating interview dates was $18,600. The majority of target applicants reported that this intervention increased the ease of scheduling (84%), made them less likely to cancel the interview (82%) and saved them money (71%).Conclusions: Coordinated scheduling of interview dates was associated with significant estimated cost savings and was reviewed favorably by applicants across all measures of experience. Expanding use of this practice geographically and across specialties may further reduce the cost of interviewing for applicants

A Novel Collaboration to Reduce the Travel-Related Cost of Residency Interviewing

Introduction: Interviewing for residency is a complicated and often expensive endeavor. Literature has estimated interview costs of $4,000 to$15,000 per applicant, mostly attributable to travel and lodging. The authors sought to reduce these costs and improve the applicant interview experience by coordinating interview dates between two residency programs in Chicago, Illinois. Methods: Two emergency medicine residency programs scheduled contiguous interview dates for the 2015-2016 interview season. We used a survey to assess applicant experiences interviewing in Chicago and attitudes regarding coordinated scheduling. Data on utilization of coordinated dates were obtained from interview scheduling software. The target group for this intervention consisted of applicants from medical schools outside Illinois who completed interviews at both programs. Results: Of the 158 applicants invited to both programs, 84 (53%) responded to the survey. Scheduling data were available for all applicants. The total estimated cost savings for target applicants coordinating interview dates was $13,950. The majority of target applicants reported that this intervention increased the ease of scheduling (84%), made them less likely to cancel the interview (82%), and saved them money (71%). Conclusion: Coordinated scheduling of interview dates was associated with significant estimated cost savings and was reviewed favorably by applicants across all measures of experience. Expanding use of this practice geographically and across specialties may further reduce the cost of interviewing for applicants. [West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(3)539-543.

A Novel Collaboration to Reduce the Travel-Related Cost of Residency Interviewing

Introduction: Interviewing for residency is a complicated and often expensive endeavor. Literature has estimated interview costs of $4,000 to$15,000 per applicant, mostly attributable to travel and lodging. The authors sought to reduce these costs and improve the applicant interview experience by coordinating interview dates between two residency programs in Chicago, Illinois. Methods: Two emergency medicine residency programs scheduled contiguous interview dates for the 2015-2016 interview season. We used a survey to assess applicant experiences interviewing in Chicago and attitudes regarding coordinated scheduling. Data on utilization of coordinated dates were obtained from interview scheduling software. The target group for this intervention consisted of applicants from medical schools outside Illinois who completed interviews at both programs. Results: Of the 158 applicants invited to both programs, 84 (53%) responded to the survey. Scheduling data were available for all applicants. The total estimated cost savings for target applicants coordinating interview dates was $13,950. The majority of target applicants reported that this intervention increased the ease of scheduling (84%), made them less likely to cancel the interview (82%), and saved them money (71%). Conclusion: Coordinated scheduling of interview dates was associated with significant estimated cost savings and was reviewed favorably by applicants across all measures of experience. Expanding use of this practice geographically and across specialties may further reduce the cost of interviewing for applicants. [West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(3)539-543.

Exemplarity measurement and estimation of the level of interjudge agreement for two categories of French red wines

Exemplarity measurements of wines by at least 20 judges are used to estimate the degree of interjudge (dis)agreement and to tell wines apart into two contrasting extremes. Two sets of French red wines Pinot noir from Burgundy and Cabernet franc from the Loire Valley are studied separately but by the same approach. Short-listing criteria are used to collate 40 starting-price and middle-range wines for each set differing a priori in olfactory terms. Wine professionals assess their local wines first orthonasally and then, independently, by global evaluation. A pool of descriptive and inferential statistics indicates there is generally neither complete divergence nor real agreement among judges. For Burgundy Pinot noir, the weak agreement observed and measured for orthonasal evaluation strengthens slightly for global evaluation. Contrariwise, for Loire Valley Cabernet franc wines, agreement is poorer for global evaluation than for olfactory evaluation. With orthonasal evaluation, responses are more consistent for Cabernet franc than for Pinot noir, whereas for global evaluation, the levels of interjudge agreement are of the same order for both sets of wines. The subjectivity of sensory responses is interpreted for each situation. The personal judgment of exemplarity (or typicality) may therefore be defined as a demanding cognitive decision varying with the circumstances of the experiment and responding to a process of perceptual categorization based on previous knowledge and on an intuitive comparison between a sample and an abstract but conscious image of the category. Agreement among judges is sufficient to bipolarize the wines. As the power to discriminate among the wines is related to the level of interjudge agreement, bipolarization is most marked for the Cabernet franc wines evaluated by olfactory evaluation

An original approach for gas chromatography-olfactometry detection frequency analysis: Application to gin

Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that lies halfway between physicochemical and sensory analysis and involves the perception of volatile flavour compounds, separated by gas chromatography, by the human nose. Of the different GC-O procedures available, detection frequency has been proved to be more rapid and more repeatable, even with an untrained panel. This characteristic regarding the panel is often not considered when dealing with the sensory attributes determined by assessors. An original approach to GC-O using the detection frequency procedure has been developed and tested on two types of gin and made it possible to benefit from sensory data. The panel consisted in 10 assessors (five male and five female) with prior GC-O experience. They generated odour events each time they perceived an odour. In addition, they were asked to provide as precise a description as possible of the smell they perceived. The 2589 odour events thus generated were then grouped into 209 odorant areas using a specially-developed software, based on the closeness of their linear retention indices. These odorant areas were then associated with compounds identified using Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry. The intensity of a compound was defined as the number of odour events in the corresponding odorant area. Thirty height compounds, mostly terpenoids, were identified as having an impact on gin aroma and enabled differentiation of the two products. Among these 38 compounds, those belonging to the two products were described as constituting a "gin base" , while the others were described as "typical compounds" . This procedure also enabled the identification of compounds whose perceived intensity was highly sensitive to changes in concentration. Finally, an odour classification wheel was developed to categorise the descriptors obtained in 12 supercategories. An odour profile was generated for each odorant area, based on the occurrence of a descriptor in a supercategory. These odour profiles were either homogeneous (with one dominant odour) or heterogeneous (with no dominant odour). This approach enabled a quantitative sensory description of the odorant areas generated by GC-O