Hilbert Lattice Equations

There are five known classes of lattice equations that hold in every infinite dimensional Hilbert space underlying quantum systems: generalised orthoarguesian, Mayet's E_A, Godowski, Mayet-Godowski, and Mayet's E equations. We obtain a result which opens a possibility that the first two classes coincide. We devise new algorithms to generate Mayet-Godowski equations that allow us to prove that the fourth class properly includes the third. An open problem related to the last class is answered. Finally, we show some new results on the Godowski lattices characterising the third class of equations.Comment: 24 pages, 3 figure

Selection of spirometric tests in evaluation of ventilatory capacity

Prikazani su neki testovi pogodni za kliničko i epidemiološko ispitivanje ventilacijske funkcije pluća. Navedena je relativna vrijednost različitih spirometrijskih parametara za utvrđivanje restriktivnih i opstruktivnih promjena ventilacije. Opisani su osnovni principi ispitivanja i diskutirana evaluacija testova plućne ventilacije. Posebno je dan pregled aparature najpogodnije za spirometrijsko ispitivanje ventilacijske funkcije pluća.Tests for clinical and epidemiological studies of ventilatory capacity are presented. Relative value of various spirometric parameters in detection of restrictive and obstructive ventilatory changes is illustrated. The methodology for ventilatory capacity assessment is described. Evaluation of spirometric tests is discussed. Instruments for lung function testing are also reviewed

Hydrogeology of the Hinterland of Sibenik and Trogir, Croatia

Intense karstification of carbonate rocks in the study area is the reason why the surface streams disappear and why sea water penetrates deeply into the coastal area. Locally occurring impermeable rocks have the function either of true or of hanging hydrogeological barriers. It has been discovered that the hanging barriers produce complex hydrogeological conditions, especially near major karst springs. The consequences of insufficient knowledge of these conditions are the reason why only a part of the existing drinking water resources are used nowadays (despite heavy demand) in such areas, and why the protected areas are disproportionally large if compared with the use of drinking water. Groundwater tracing, performed recently, considerably revised earlier opinions on the catchment areas of the most important springs of the area: the Jaruga, Torak and Pantan springs. These springs drain an area in excess of 1000 km2. The discharge of these springs can be increased by constructing several surface reservoirs and by a controlled recharge of the karst underground with that water. Field conditions are not suitable for underground water storage

Respiratory response to physical exercise in patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma

Respiratorna funkcija prije i poslije testa fizičkim opterećenjem analizirana je u 15 bolesnika (7 s kroničnim bronhitisom i 8 s bronhalnom astmom), koji su nakon fizičkog opterećenja pokazali porast bronhalne rezistencije 50% i više u odnosu na kontrolnu vrijednost prije opterećenja. Test fizičkim opterećenjem izveden je na pokretnom sagu s opterećenjem od 50 do 120 Watta. Bronhalna rezistencija (Raw), specifična bronhalna provodljivost (SGaw), maksimalni ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi (FEV1) i maksimalni ekspiratorni protok kod izdahnutih 50% vitalnog kapaciteta (FEF50) izmjereni su prije te 5 i 20 minuta nakon opterećenja. Parcijalni tlak kisika u arterijskoj krvi (PaO2) izmjeren je prije i odmah nakon testa fizičkim opterećenjem. Bolesnici oboljeli od kroničnog bronhitisa pokazali su nakon opterećenja prosječni porast Raw (5 min: + 127%, 20 min: + 96%) i prosječni pad FEF50 (5 min:-12%; 20 min: -10%). Bolesnici oboljeli od bronhalne astme pokazali su nakon opterećenja prosječni porast Raw (5 min: + 147%; 20 min: + 105%) i prosječni pad FEF50 (5 min: -24%; 20 min: -21%). Rezultati pokazuju da je kod oboljelih od bronhalne astme došlo do statistički značajnog pada FEF50 5 i 20 minuta nakon testa fizičkim opterećenjem, dok kod oboljelih od kroničnog bronhitisa to nije utvrđeno. Kod oboljelih od kroničnog bronhitisa statistički je značajan porast Raw i 20 minuta nakon opterećenja, dok kod oboljelih od bronhalne astme porast Raw 20 minuta nakon opterećenja više nije statistički značajan, upućujući na bolju spontanu reverzibilnost Raw kod astmatičara. PaO2 se nije statistički značajno promijenio nakon fizičkog opterećenja u oboljelih od bronhalne astme, dok je kod oboljelih od kroničnog bronhitisa došlo do značajnog prosječnog porasta PaO2 (P < 0,01).Respiratory function before and after exercise was analysed in 15 patients (seven with chronic bronchitis and eight with bronchial asthma). The patients were selected on the basis of increase in airway resistance (Raw) of 50% or more after exercise. The patients were tested on a treadmill under a load ranging from 50 to 120 W. Airway resistance, specific airway conductance (SGaw), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% vital capacity (FEF50) were measured before and again at 5 and 20 minutes after exercise. Arterial partial oxygen pressure (Pa02) was measured before exercise and immediately after it. The patients with chronic bronchitis demonstrated an average increase in Raw after exercise (5 min: + 127%: 20 min: + 96%) and an average decrease in FEF50 (5 min: -12%, 20 min.: -10%). Patients with bronchial asthma demonstrated after exercise an average increase in Raw (5 min: + 147%, 20 min: + 105%) and an average decrease in FEF50 (5 min: - 24%, 20 min: - 21%). The data analysed show a significant decrease in FEF50 5 and 20 minutes after exercise in patients with bronchial asthma, while in patients with chronic bronchitis decrease in FEF50 was not significant. There was a significant increase in Raw as long as 20 minutes after exercise in patients with chronic bronchitis. In patients with bronchial asthma increase in Raw 20 minutes after exercise was not significant indicating better spontaneous reversibility of increased Raw in asthmatics. Pa02 did not show significant changes after exercise in respect to the values before exercise in asthmatic patients. In bronchitic patients there was a significant average increase in Pa02 after exercise (P < 0,01

How to assess results of pharmacodynamic testing of airway obstruction?

Razmatraju se činioci koji mogu utjecati na ishod farmakodinamskog testiranja beta 2 agonistima u sklopu funkcionalne dijagnostike pluća. To su: hipersekrecija sluzi, akutna respiratorna infekcija, tahifilaksija adrenergičkih receptora, primijenjena terapija u zadnjih 48 sati, suradnja ispitanika za vrijeme izvođenja testa, kao i onečišćenje mikro ili makrookoline. Također je objašnjena pravilna primjena selektivnih simpatikomimetika u obliku spreja te se diskutira o vrijednostima numeričkih razlika pojedinih parametara plućne funkcije prije i poslije bronhodilatacijskog testa.The factors that could influence the results of pharmacodynamic testing with beta 2 agonists in lung function diagnostics are discussed. These are: hypersecretion of the mucus, acute respiratory infection, tachyphylaxis of the adrenoceptors, therapy in the past 48 hours, patient\u27s cooperation, and ambient or environmental pollution. The correct application, by inhalation, of selective sympathomimetics is described and differences between the basic values of lung function parameters and those following the salbutamol test are discusse

Kochen-Specker Vectors

We give a constructive and exhaustive definition of Kochen-Specker (KS) vectors in a Hilbert space of any dimension as well as of all the remaining vectors of the space. KS vectors are elements of any set of orthonormal states, i.e., vectors in n-dim Hilbert space, H^n, n>3 to which it is impossible to assign 1s and 0s in such a way that no two mutually orthogonal vectors from the set are both assigned 1 and that not all mutually orthogonal vectors are assigned 0. Our constructive definition of such KS vectors is based on algorithms that generate MMP diagrams corresponding to blocks of orthogonal vectors in R^n, on algorithms that single out those diagrams on which algebraic 0-1 states cannot be defined, and on algorithms that solve nonlinear equations describing the orthogonalities of the vectors by means of statistically polynomially complex interval analysis and self-teaching programs. The algorithms are limited neither by the number of dimensions nor by the number of vectors. To demonstrate the power of the algorithms, all 4-dim KS vector systems containing up to 24 vectors were generated and described, all 3-dim vector systems containing up to 30 vectors were scanned, and several general properties of KS vectors were found.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, title changed, introduction thoroughly rewritten, n-dim rotation of KS vectors defined, original Kochen-Specker 192 (117) vector system translated into MMP diagram notation with a new graphical representation, results on Tkadlec's dual diagrams added, several other new results added, journal version: to be published in J. Phys. A, 38 (2005). Web page: http://m3k.grad.hr/pavici

The Sheaf-Theoretic Structure Of Non-Locality and Contextuality

We use the mathematical language of sheaf theory to give a unified treatment of non-locality and contextuality, in a setting which generalizes the familiar probability tables used in non-locality theory to arbitrary measurement covers; this includes Kochen-Specker configurations and more. We show that contextuality, and non-locality as a special case, correspond exactly to obstructions to the existence of global sections. We describe a linear algebraic approach to computing these obstructions, which allows a systematic treatment of arguments for non-locality and contextuality. We distinguish a proper hierarchy of strengths of no-go theorems, and show that three leading examples --- due to Bell, Hardy, and Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger, respectively --- occupy successively higher levels of this hierarchy. A general correspondence is shown between the existence of local hidden-variable realizations using negative probabilities, and no-signalling; this is based on a result showing that the linear subspaces generated by the non-contextual and no-signalling models, over an arbitrary measurement cover, coincide. Maximal non-locality is generalized to maximal contextuality, and characterized in purely qualitative terms, as the non-existence of global sections in the support. A general setting is developed for Kochen-Specker type results, as generic, model-independent proofs of maximal contextuality, and a new combinatorial condition is given, which generalizes the `parity proofs' commonly found in the literature. We also show how our abstract setting can be represented in quantum mechanics. This leads to a strengthening of the usual no-signalling theorem, which shows that quantum mechanics obeys no-signalling for arbitrary families of commuting observables, not just those represented on different factors of a tensor product.Comment: 33 pages. Extensively revised, new results included. Published in New Journal of Physic

Achieving coherence between the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive

Alignment and coordination of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) with other key policies is considered indispensable to accomplish its objectives. To ensure that economic activities do not generate unsustainable pressures in the marine environment, it is imperative to streamline the MSFD with the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD), the policy regulating the spatial dimension of maritime activities and their planning. To investigate the coherence between the MSFD and MSPD, an analysis was performed in the framework of MEDREGION project (11.0661/2018/794286/SUB/ENV.C2) on the conceptual relations of the two processes. The needs and challenges encountered by MSFD Competent Authorities (CAs) in the implementation of the Directives were considered, while the Programmes of Measures (PoMs) established by Mediterranean Member States (MSs) for selected MSFD Descriptors were analysed to see whether measures can contribute to the integration of the two Directives. The MSPD implementation considers the MSFD provisions, however, there are still challenges and gaps for an effective integration. Herein, recommendations are made to face these challenges and facilitate the alignment of the two Directives. Moreover, the analysis of the MSFD PoMs shows that the MSFD identifies, directly or indirectly, human activities related to Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) sectors and addresses them with specific measures. Therefore, MSFD PoMs constitute a concrete basis for the planning of the marine space, thus, bridging the two Directives, avoiding conflicts and facilitating synergies.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission Directorate General for the Environment under grant agreement n° 11.0661/2018/794286/SUB/ENV.C2 – MEDREGION project (Support Mediterranean Member States towards implementation of the MSFD New GES Decision and programmes of measures and contribute to regional/subregional cooperation).Peer reviewe

T-2 toksin - pojavnost i toksičnost u peradi

T-2 toxin is the most toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin. It is the secondary metabolite of the Fusarium fungi, and is common in grain and animal feed. Toxic effects have been shown both in experimental animals and in livestock. It has been implicated in several outbreaks of human mycotoxicoses. Toxic effects in poultry include inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, cell lesions in the digestive tract, organs and skin, neural disturbances and low performance in poultry production (decreased weight gain, egg production, and hatchability). Concentrations of T-2 toxin in feed are usually low, and its immunosuppressive effects and secondary infections often make diagnosis difficult. If at the onset of the disease, a change in diet leads to health and performance improvements in animals, this may point to mycotoxin poisoning. Regular control of grain and feed samples is a valuable preventive measure, and it is accurate only if representative samples are tested. This article reviews the incidence and toxic effects of T-2 toxin in poultry.T-2 toksin je najtoksičniji predstavnik trikotecenskih mikotoksina tipa A. On je sekundarni produkt metabolizma plijesni roda Fusarium i često je prisutan u žitaricama i hrani za životinje. Štetni učinci uočeni su u eksperimentalnih životinja i životinja u uzgoju. On se povezuje s pojavom bolesti ljudi od mikotoksikoza. Učinci toksina u peradi su višestruki: inhibicija sinteze proteina, DNA i RNA, citotoksični učinak, imunomodulatorni učinak, oštećenje stanica probavnog sustava, organa i kože, živčani poremećaji te pad proizvodnih karakteristika u uzgoju peradi (slabiji prirast, pad nesivosti i valivosti). Koncentracije T-2 toksina u hrani redovito su vrlo malene, a zbog imunosupresivnog djelovanja toksina te istodobne sekundarne infekcije bolest se često teško dijagnosticira. Pri pojavi bolesti promjenom hrane može doći do poboljšanja zdravstvenog stanja, što tako|er upućuje na moguće trovanje mikotoksinima. Redovita kontrola uzoraka žitarica i hrane za životinje jedna je od preventivnih mjera, a detekcija mikotoksina u žitaricama i hrani pouzdana je samo ako se ispituje reprezentativan uzorak. U radu su opisani učestalost i toksični učinci T-2 toksina u peradi