The Development of Soil Water Resources in The Common Osier (Salix Viminalis L.) Field in A Very Dry and An Average Vegetation Season

The paper presents results of a study on changes of water resources under the common osier (Salix vimina-lis L.) crop in relation to local weather conditions

VERIFICATION OF FORECAST OF CROP WATER DEFICIT DETERMINED USING CROP DROUGHT INDEX CDI

In the paper the verification of crop water deficit forecasts are presented. The 10- and 20-day forecasts have been developed in the monitoring system of water deficiency and excess conducted by the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences. The analysis was performed for the Bydgoszcz station representing Kujawy Region, in the months of the growing season (April-September) in 2013–2014. Two verification criteria were adopted: the absolute difference between actual and predicted SPI cannot be greater than 0.1 and the agreement of the precipitation category classes. The verifiability is determined as a relative frequency of the forecasts meeting these criteria. It was found that the average verifiability of 10-day forecasts was equal to 94% and of 20-day forecast 86% for the assumed criteria. Both forecasts of CDI values and forecasts of water deficit classes have high verifiability (91% and 89% respectively)

Concept and implementation of the Polish innovative agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring (AgHMM) in INOMEL Project

The paper presents the concept and deployment of the agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring system (abbrev. AgHMM) created for the purposes of operational planning of regulated drainage and irrigation on the scale of a drainage/irrigation system (INOMEL project). Monitoring system involved regular daily (weekly readings) measurements of agrometeorological and hydrological parameters in water courses at melioration object during vegetation seasons. The measurement results enable an assessment of the meteorological conditions, moisture changes in the 0-60 cm soil profile, fluctuations of groundwater levels at quarters and testing points, also water levels in ditches and at dam structures, and water flow in water courses. These data were supplemended by 7-day meteorological forecast parameter predictions, served as input data for a model of operational planning of drainage and subirrigation at the six melioration systems in Poland. In addition, it was carried out irregular remote sensing observations of plant condition, water consumption by plants and soil moisture levels using imagery taken by unmanned aerial vehicles and Sentinel’s satellites. All the collected data was used for support operational activities aimed at maintaining optimal soil moisture for plant growth and should to provide farmers with high and stable yields. An example of the practical operations using the AgHMM system in 2019 is shown on the basis of the subirrigation object at permanent grasslands located in central Poland called “Czarny Rów B1”

Detection of lake shoreline active zones and water volume changes using digital lake bottom model and water level fluctuations

The article presents an assessment of water level fluctuations in eight lakes located in the Bory Tucholskie National Park (Poland). Mann-Kendall and Sen tests were applied to analyze the extent and direction of lake water level changes. For the purpose of detection of shoreline active zones, digital lake bottom models were developed based on bathymetric measurements. They were integrated with catchment digital terrain model, developed based on data from Airborne Laser Scanning. In analysed period, water levels in the majority of lakes showed a decreasing tendency, as a result of climate change. An increasing tendency was only observed for two lakes caused by the activity of beavers (castor fiber). The study permitted the identification of active shoreline zones with long-term exposure to drying and flooding. These zones are of the highest importance from the point of view of the functioning of water and water-dependent ecosystems, particularly protected species

Water and Irrigation Requirements of <i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr. in 1981–2020 in Central Poland, Central Europe

Soya, one of the most economically important crops, is sensitive to periodic water deficits, which, because of climate change, are becoming more and more common in central Europe. The goal of this study was to estimate the water requirements of soybean from 1981 to 2020 in four provinces of central Poland and the rainfall deficits affecting soybean cultivation; the study also evaluates rainfall water use efficiency for soybean cultivated in production fields to investigate the future necessity of supplemental irrigation. Calculations were based on the values of monthly air temperature and the sum of precipitation. Soybean water requirements were calculated using the method of crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration was estimated using the Blaney–Criddle approach. Crop water requirements were defined as potential evapotranspiration. Precipitation deficits for soybean were estimated using the Ostromęcki method. Water use efficiency was calculated based on rainfall totals and soybean yield in the rainfed fields. It was found that, on average in the central Poland provinces, from 1981 to 2020, the water requirements of soybean in the growing season amounted to 384 mm, and the highest water requirements occurred in June and July. In the studied forty-year period, a significant upward trend in soybean water requirements in central Poland was observed, both from 1 May to 31 August and from 1 June to 31 August. Rainfall deficits in soybean cultivation in central Poland were found from May to August and amounted to 123 mm in normal years (N50%). The rainfall water use efficiency from April to August for soybean cultivated in central Poland on average amounted to 6.6 kg ha−1 mm−1 and varied in individual years and regions. The results of the study indicate the need to develop supplemental irrigation systems for soybean crops cultivated in central Poland and other areas of the world with similar climate conditions to optimize yield and the sustainable use of water resources

Effect of Forecast Climate Changes on Water Needs of Giant Miscanthus Cultivated in the Kuyavia Region in Poland

Giant miscanthus is a vigorously growing energy plant, popularly used for biofuels production. It is a grass with low soil and water requirements, although its productivity largely depends on complementary irrigation, especially in the first year of cultivation. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the forecast climate changes, mainly air temperature increase, on the water needs of giant miscanthus during the growing season in 2021–2050 in the Kuyavia region (central Poland). The years 1981–2010 as the reference period were applied. The meteorological data was based on the regional climate change model RM5.1 with boundary conditions from the global ARPEGE model for the SRES A1B emission scenario. Crop evapotranspiration, calculated using the Penman-Monteith method and crop coefficients, was assumed as a measure of water needs. The study results showed that in view of the expected temperature changes, in the forecast period 2021–2050, the giant miscanthus water needs will increase by 10%. The highest monthly increase may occur in August (16%) and in September (23%). In the near future, the increase in water needs of giant miscanthus will necessitate the use of supplementary irrigation. Hence the results of this study may contribute to increasing the efficiency of water use, and thus to the rational management of irrigation treatments and plant energy resources in the Kuyavia region