Development of the Health Literacy of Caregivers Scale - Cancer (HLCS-C): item generation and content validity testing

BACKGROUND: Health literacy refers to an individual’s ability to engage with health information and services. Cancer caregivers play a vital role in the care of people with cancer, and their capacity to find, understand, appraise and use health information and services influences how effectively they are able to undertake this role. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure health literacy of cancer caregivers. METHOD: Content areas for the new instrument were identified from a conceptual model of cancer caregiver health literacy. Item content was guided by statements provided by key stakeholders during consultation activities and selected to be representative across the range of cancer caregiver experiences. Content validity of items was assessed through expert review (n = 7) and cognitive interviews with caregivers (n = 16). RESULTS: An initial pool of 82 items was generated across 10 domains. Two categories of response options were developed for these items: agreement with statements, and difficulty undertaking presented tasks. Expert review revealed that the majority of items were relevant and clear (Content Validity Index > 0.78). Cognitive interviews with caregivers suggested that all except three items were well understood. CONCLUSION: A resultant 88 item questionnaire was developed to assess cancer caregiver health literacy. Further work is required to assess the construct validity and reliability of the new measure, and to remove poorly performing and redundant items, which will result in a shorter, final measure. The new measure has the potential to inform the development and evaluation of interventions and the improvement of health service delivery to cancer caregivers

Ensiklopedi Oxford : dunia Islam modern

Pada fajar abad kedua puluh satu, pemahaman tentang islam dan masyarakat muslim terasa semakin penting dari pada masa-masa sebelumnya. sebagai salah satu agama terbesar di dunia, agama global, kekuatan spiritual dan politik, Islam berikut kehadiran dan peranannya di dalam komunitas dan masyarakat muslim belum banyak diapresiasi. ensiklopedi Oxford Dunia islam modern adalah suatu upaya untuk mengisi kelangkaan studi semacam itu.vii, 368 hlm. ; 29 cm

Ensiklopedi Oxfod : dunia Islam modern

Pada fajar abad kedua puluh satu, pemahaman tentang islam dan masyarakat muslim terasa semakin penting dari pada masa-masa sebelumnya. sebagai salah satu agama terbesar di dunia, agama global, kekuatan spiritual dan politik, Islam berikut kehadiran dan peranannya di dalam komunitas dan masyarakat muslim belum banyak diapresiasi. ensiklopedi Oxford Dunia islam modern adalah suatu upaya untuk mengisi kelangkaan studi semacam itu.vii, 408 hlm. : ilus. ; 29 cm

Ensiklopedi Oxford : dunia Islam modern

Pada fajar abad kedua puluh satu, pemahaman tentang islam dan masyarakat muslim terasa semakin penting dari pada masa-masa sebelumnya. sebagai salah satu agama terbesar di dunia, agama global, kekuatan spiritual dan politik, Islam berikut kehadiran dan peranannya di dalam komunitas dan masyarakat muslim belum banyak diapresiasi. ensiklopedi Oxford Dunia islam modern adalah suatu upaya untuk mengisi kelangkaan studi semacam itu.vii, 374 hlm. : ilus. ; 29 c

Ensiklopedi oxford : dunia Islam modern

Pada fajar abad kedua puluh satu, pemahaman tentang islam dan masyarakat muslim terasa semakin penting dari pada masa-masa sebelumnya. sebagai salah satu agama terbesar di dunia, agama global, kekuatan spiritual dan politik, Islam berikut kehadiran dan peranannya di dalam komunitas dan masyarakat muslim belum banyak diapresiasi. ensiklopedi Oxford Dunia islam modern adalah suatu upaya untuk mengisi kelangkaan studi semacam itu.xxvii, 385 hlm. : ilus. ; 29 cm

Ensiklopedi Oxford : Dunia Islam Modern

6 jil., vii, 353 hal.; 28,5c

Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny

Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species