The Sulphur Directive and Stakeholders of Estonia’s Maritime Sector

The paper examines Estonia’s maritime sector from the point of view of its stakeholders and their strategic choices regarding several critical issues. Business activities of maritime sector are dependent on public services and regulations on safety, security related services and regulations, environmental conditions related issues, and the sulphur emission regulation which will be introduced from 2015, as the most recent example. One impact of this dependence is that a big number of different stakeholders are involved and would like to see their values and preferences are brought into governance process. The paper provides a structured overview of these stakeholders and their position in governance issues

The Sulphur Directive and Stakeholders of Estonia’s Maritime Sector

The paper examines Estonia’s maritime sector from the point of view of its stakeholders and their strategic choices regarding several critical issues. Business activities of maritime sector are dependent on public services and regulations on safety, security related services and regulations, environmental conditions related issues, and the sulphur emission regulation which will be introduced from 2015, as the most recent example. One impact of this dependence is that a big number of different stakeholders are involved and would like to see their values and preferences are brought into governance process. The paper provides a structured overview of these stakeholders and their position in governance issues

Nominal wage rigidity in the EU countries before and after the Great Recession: Evidence from the WDN surveys

This paper studies the recent trends in nominal wage rigidity in a large group of EU countries, using survey data. We analyse two forms of nominal wage rigidity: downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) and the lagged response of wages to shocks. The frequency of wage changes, which is an indicator of lagged wage setting, slowed down in the aftermath of the Great Recession. We assess the possible reasons for this and show that it was at least partially caused by a combination of a decline in average wage growth and persistent DNWR. In countries where wage growth slowed down more after the Great Recession, the frequency of wage changes declined more steeply as well. Our data allows evaluating the prevalence of DNWR in diverse economic circumstances. Like earlier research on this topic, we find that DNWR tends to be strongly prevalent, even in periods of slow economic growth and low wage inflation. DNWR declines during severe recessions but even then wage setting does not become completely flexible as the proportion of observed wage cuts is still below the level that would correspond to a flexible regime

Autosomal recessive mental retardation, deafness, ankylosis, and mild hypophosphatemia associated with a novel ANKH mutation in a consanguineous family

CONTEXT: Mutations in ANKH cause the highly divergent conditions familial chondrocalcinosis and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The gene product ANK is supposed to regulate tissue mineralization by transporting pyrophosphate to the extracellular space. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated several family members of a large consanguineous family with mental retardation, deafness, and ankylosis. We compared their skeletal, metabolic, and serological parameters to that of the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant, caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the murine ortholog Ank. PARTICIPANTS: The studied patients had painful small joint soft-tissue calcifications, progressive spondylarthropathy, osteopenia, mild hypophosphatemia, mixed hearing loss, and mental retardation. RESULTS: After mapping the disease gene to 5p15, we identified the novel homozygous ANK missense mutation L244S in all patients. Although L244 is a highly conserved amino acid, the mutated ANK protein was detected at normal levels at the plasma membrane in primary patient fibroblasts. The phenotype was highly congruent with the autosomal recessive progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse mutant. This indicates a loss-of-function effect of the L244S mutation despite normal ANK protein expression. Interestingly, our analyses revealed that the primary step of joint degeneration is fibrosis and mineralization of articular soft tissues. Moreover, heterozygous carriers of the L244S mutation showed mild osteoarthritis without metabolic alterations, pathological calcifications, or central nervous system involvement. CONCLUSION: Beyond the description of the first human progressive ankylosis phenotype, our results indicate that ANK influences articular soft tissues commonly involved in degenerative joint disorders. Furthermore, this human disorder provides the first direct evidence for a role of ANK in the central nervous system.status: publishe