Urinary nitrogen compounds in dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

Urinary nitrogen compounds were determined in test cows with urea as the sole (0-cows) or partial (ULP-cows) source of nitrogen. An average of 0.49 % total nitrogen was found in 0-cows and 0.88 % in ULP-cows, the values for urea nitrogen being 2.24 and 2.63 mg/ml, for ammonium nitrogen 0.14 and 0.09 mg/ml, for creatinine 0.77 and 0.90 mg/ml and for creatine 0.28 and 0,42 mg/ml urine, respectively. Differences between the two groups were highly significant (P < 0.001) as regards total nitrogen and significant (P < 0.05) as regards urea nitrogen and creatine. In each group the between-cow differences were highly significant with regard to total and urea nitrogen and creatine, and in 0-cows also with regard to ammonium nitrogen and creatinine. Smaller amounts of urinary allantoin and larger amounts of uric acid were found in 0-cows than in ULP-cows. Corresponding determinations were made to some extent also on the urine of cows on normal indoor or pasture feeding

Studies on the nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

The nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows on purified, protein-free feed with urea and small amounts of ammonium salts as the sole source of nitrogen (0-feed). on low-protein feed in which part of the protein was replaced with urea (ULP-feed) and on normal protein-containing feed (NorP-feed) were studied. The total nitrogen contents of the dry matter of the faeces were 2.5 ± 0.7 % on 0-feed, 2.4 ± 0.4 % on ULP-feed and 2.3 ± 0.6 % on NorP-feed. The proportion of urea- and ammonium nitrogen of the total nitrogen was 3.2 ± 2.4, 4.5 ± 2.4 and 3.7 ± 1.8 % respectively, and the proportion of nitrogen soluble in 70 % ethanol 10.9 ± 5.7, 9.9 ± 2.4 and 10.4 ± 3.8 % of the total nitrogen; the proportion of nitrogen in the free amino acid fraction was 4.1 ±2.9 on 0-feed, 1.6 ± 1.4 (P < 0.05) on ULP-feed and 3.2 ± 2.9 % on NorP-feed. The nitrogen insoluble in 70 % ethanol as a proportion of the total nitrogen was 82.3 ± 7.2 on 0-feed, 85.4 ± 5.0 on ULP-feed and 82.3 ± 7.2 % on NorP-feed. Of the total nitrogen of this insoluble fraction, the following proportions were released as amino acids by acid hydrolysis: 62.15 ± 8.5 % on 0-feed, 61.6 ± 10.7 % on ULP-feed and 59.0 ± 13.9% on NorP-feed. (α, Ɛ-diaminopimelic acid was 1.7 ± 0.6, 0.7 ± 0.2 (P < 0.05) and 1.2 ± 0,4 mol % respectively of the total amino acids of the hydrolyzate. The soluble nitrogen fraction was separated into free amino acid and »peptide» fractions, and the amino acid composition of both was determined, the latter after acid hydrolysi

Rehujen rikkipitoisuuksista

Rehujen rikkitilanteen selvittämiseksi on eri puolilta Suomea satunnaisesti valituilta maatiloilta määritetty ruohoista (60 näytettä), säilörehuista (857 näytettä), heinistä (125 näytettä), kauroista (40 näytettä) ja ohrista (40 näytettä) kokonaisrikki ja osasta näytteitä myös sulfaattirikki. Lisäksi on Jokioisten Lintupajun koetilalta määritetty rikki 55 säilörehunäytteestä, 36 ruohonäytteestä ja 21 näytteestä säilörehuja, joiden säilöntäaineet ovat sisältäneet rikkiä. Koko maan ruohonäytteet ovat sisältäneet rikkiä 0.16 ± 0.04 %, säilörehut 0.14 ± 0.05 % ja heinät 0.09 ± 0.01 % kuiva-aineesta. Lintupajun ruoho on sisältänyt rikkiä 0.20 ± 003 % ja siitä tehtysäilörehu 0.18 ± 0.03 % kuiva-aineesta. Kun säilörehut on tehty rikkiä sisältävillä säilöntäaineilla, on rehun keskimääräinen rikkipitoisuus ollut 0.48 % kuiva-aineesta. Säilörehujen osalta on todettu eroavuuksia maan eri osien välillä. Kauranäytteiden kuiva-aineesta on ollut rikkiä 0.07 % ja ohranäytteiden 0.06 %. Typen ja rikin keskimääräinen suhde on ollut ruohossa 19.1, säilörehussa 18.1 ja heinässä 17.8. Rikkiä säilöntäaineessa käytettäessä on typen ja rikin suhde säilörehiussa ollut 6.5. Kaurassa on typen ja rikin suhde ollut keskimäärin 30.0 ja ohrassa 35.0

On the amino acids in the urine of dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

The urinary amino acids in free and bound form were determined quantitatively in dairy cows fed urea and ammonium nitrogen as the sole (0-cows) or partial (ULP-cows) source of nitrogen. For comparison, amino acid determinations were performed also on the urine of cows on ordinary silage-cereals feed and pasture feed (NorP-cows). The total amount (mg/1 urine) of the free amino acids was the smallest with 0-cows and the highest with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The difference was mainly due to glycine ,which was found in significantly higher (P < 0.001) amounts with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The proportion of glycine in the total identified free amino acids was 9.7 ± 9.0 % with 0-cows, 13.5 ± 5.1 % with ULP-cows, 7.7 ±3.4 % with NorP-cows on indoor feeding and 56.4 ±21.0 % with NorP-cows on pasture feeding. The corresponding figures for glutamic acid, which was quantitatively the most important amino acid with 0- and ULP-cows, were 36.5 ± 29.6 %, 19.8 ± 19.2 %, 5.7 ±4.0 % and 3.9 ± 2.1 % of the total free amino acids. Besides the identified amino acids, there were a number of unidentified amino acid derivatives in the free amino acid fraction in all the feeding groups. The total amount of amino acids freed by hydrolysis was the lowest with 0-cows. The proportion of glycine of the amino acids of the hydrolysate was48 % with 0-cows, 66 % with ULP-cows and 84 % with NorP-cows

The effect of sulphur deficiency and sulphur fertilisation on the nitrogen compounds of timothy

The effect of sulphur deficiency and sulphur fertilisation on the nitrogen compounds of plants was studied, using timothy as the test species. The samples were obtained from 4 field trials performed in northern Finland. The nitrogen and sulphur treatments in each of these trials were as follows: a) N O, S O, b) N 48, S O, c) N 48, S 34, d) N 96, S O and e) N 96, S 68 kg/ha. Nitrogen was applied as NPK compound fertiliser and sulphur in the form of gypsum. In trials 1and 2 sulphur given in addition to nitrogen increased the yield considerably. The contents of soluble-, protein-, a-amino-, ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen, as well as the free and peptide- and protein-bound amino acids were determined in the harvested timothy. Nitrogen fertilisation did not have any noticeable effect on the protein-nitrogen content of sulphur-deficient plants, but sulphur fertilisation increased it by an average of 26 % (trial 2). The proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen in trials 1 and 2 averaged 50 % with N-fertilisation and 37 % with N+S fertilisation. Sulphur fertilisation decreased the contents of a-amino-, ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen, and also their proportions of the total nitrogen. In those trials (3 and 4) in which sulphur fertilisation did not increase the yield, the proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen was an average of 33 % with all treatments. In sulphur-deficient timothy the content of asparagine and aspartic acid totalled 60 % of the content of free amino acids, and their nitrogen formed about 17% of the total plant nitrogen. The corresponding figures with sulphur fertilisation were 39 % and 3.5 %, and in those trials where there was no sulphur deficiency (trials 3 and 4) on average 27 % and 2.5 %, irrespective of fertilisation. The proportion of soluble nitrogen of the total nitrogen of timothy was closely correlated (r = 0.79***) to the N/S ratio, as was the proportion of asparagine plus aspartic acid of the total free amino acids (r = 0.91***)

Metsä- ja maatalouden sivutuotteet lihamullien rehuna

vokKirjasto Aj-

The variant rs77559646 associated with aggressive prostate cancer disrupts ANO7 mRNA splicing and protein expression

Prostate cancer is among the most common cancers in men, with a large fraction of the individual risk attributable to heritable factors. A majority of the diagnosed cases does not lead to a lethal disease, and hence biological markers that can distinguish between indolent and fatal forms of the disease are of great importance for guiding treatment decisions. Although over 300 genetic variants are known to be associated with prostate cancer risk, few have been associated with the risk of an aggressive disease. One such variant is rs77559646 located in ANO7. This variant has a dual function. It constitutes a missense mutation in the short isoform of ANO7 and a splice region mutation in full-length ANO7. In this study, we have analyzed the impact of the variant allele of rs77559646 on ANO7 mRNA splicing using a minigene splicing assay and by performing splicing analysis with the tools IRFinder (intron retention finder), rMATS (replicate multivariate analysis of transcript splicing) and LeafCutter on RNA sequencing data from prostate tissue of six rs77559646 variant allele carriers and 43 non-carriers. The results revealed a severe disruption of ANO7 mRNA splicing in rs77559646 variant allele carriers. Immunohistochemical analysis of prostate samples from patients homozygous for the rs77559646 variant allele demonstrated a loss of apically localized ANO7 protein. Our study is the first to provide a mechanistic explanation for the impact of a prostate cancer risk SNP on ANO7 protein production. Furthermore, the rs77559646 variant is the first known germline loss-of-function mutation described for ANO7. We suggest that loss of ANO7 contributes to prostate cancer progression.</p