THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROLE MODELS, SOCIOECONOMIC MOBILITY BELIEFS, AND ACADEMIC OUTCOMES

Objective: This study aims to provide insights into the relationships between role models, socioeconomic mobility beliefs and the education outcomes of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. While previous studies highlight the positive influence of role models on academic and career aspirations, the specific relationship between role models and socioeconomic beliefs remains unexplored. Our study addresses this gap by examining whether the presence of role models relates with more optimistic socioeconomic beliefs and how these beliefs, in turn, affect academic outcomes (academic engagement, academic intentions, and grade point average [GPA]). Additionally, we investigate the influence of role model characteristics to examine which role model attributes have a significant impact on socioeconomic mobility beliefs and education. Method: Data for this study was obtained via Qualtrics with a sample consisting of respondents that were 18 years of age at the time of the study. Findings: Race moderated the relationship between socioeconomic mobility beliefs and academic intentions. Higher socioeconomic mobility beliefs were associated with higher academic intentions for participants that identified as a minority, as opposed to participants identifying as White. Additionally, higher socioeconomic mobility beliefs correlated positively with increased academic engagement. Moreover, the education level of role models was related to participants’ GPAs

Funcionalidad familiar y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de secundaria de una Institución Educativa Estatal de Huancayo – 2022

RESUMEN En el presente estudio se determinó que el problema general ¿Cuál es la relación que existe entre funcionalidad familiar y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de secundaria de una Institución Educativa Estatal de Huancayo - 2022? La misma cuyo objetivo es determinar la relación que existe entre funcionalidad familiar y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de secundaria de una Institución Educativa Estatal de Huancayo - 2022. La investigación es de tipo pura o básica, nivel relacional, diseño correlacional transversal, en una muestra de 225 estudiantes del nivel secundario, se aplicó los instrumentos Escala de evaluación de cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar (FACES III) adaptado por Bazo et al. (2016) y la Escala de afrontamiento para adolescentes (ACS) adaptado por Beatriz Canessa (2002). Después de aplicar dichos instrumentos, exhiben que el 47,1% de la muestra tiene funcionalidad medio y utiliza estrategias de afrontamiento algunas veces. Al emplear rho de Spearman se tiene rs= 0,470 se ubica en relación moderada. Además, siendo p = 0,000 < 0,05 entonces se corrobora la relación. Se llegó a la conclusión que si existe relación directa moderada entre funcionalidad familiar y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de secundaria de una Institución Educativa Estatal de Huancayo – 2022. Se recomienda a los padres de familia buscar intervención del servicio psicopedagógico de la institución para fortalecer los lazos afectivos en sus familias e involucrarse y acompañar en la educación de sus hijos. Palabras claves: Funcionalidad familiar, estrategias de afrontamiento, estudiantes

Auditoría de gestión en la Agrícola Bananera Dánica Fruits S.A. del cantón Valencia provincia de Los Ríos, periodo 2021.

The Audit in the Agricultural Banana Company DANICA FRUITS S.A. in Valencia, used a descriptive, and documentary bibliographical research for the structure of the theoretical framework. On the one hand, among the information collection techniques there was an interview that was applied to the owner and the survey for the personnel who work in the company, among the methods of information analysis there was the synthetic analytical method with which once the information was analyzed, conclusions were issued. On the other hand, an internal control questionnaire was applied in which the main findings were obtained, among which the lack of implementation of administrative policies, low planning of activities, as well as a lack of definition of the company's values stand out. , there is a lack of an organizational structure, it exists under control of the activities, in addition, it is observed that they do not have a risk map nor there are active contingency plans, lack of coordination between the employees of the areas and adequate follow-up is not given when there are deficiencies in the activities carried out. The evaluation of the confidence level now has a value of 72.5%, considered moderate, a level of control risk of 11% low, and an Inherent Risk of 27.5%, qualifying as moderate based on the levels of risk and confidence. Based on the situational diagnosis carried out in the results are that one of the main strengths of the company is its own infrastructure, experience in the agricultural area; among the opportunities, it generates a large number of sources of work for the population; among the weaknesses is the lack commitment of the employees, as well as the lack of a manual of functionsLa Auditoria de Gestión en la empresa agrícola Bananera DÁNICA FRUITS S.A de la ciudad de Valencia, utilizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, de campo y bibliográfica documental para estructura del marco teórico, por otro lado entre las técnicas de recolección de información se tuvo la entrevista que fue aplicada al propietario y la encuesta para el personal que labora en la empresa, entre los métodos de análisis de información se tuvo el método analítico sintético con los cuales una vez analizada la información se procedió a la emisión de conclusiones, por su parte se aplicó un cuestionario de control interno en el que se obtienen los principales hallazgos, entre los que se destacan la falta de implementación de políticas administrativas, una baja planificación de actividades, se aprecia una carencia de una estructura organizacional, existe bajo control de las actividades, adicional se observa que no cuentan con un mapa de riesgos ni existen planes de contingencias activos, falta de coordinación entre los empleados de las áreas y no se da el seguimiento adecuado cuando existen deficiencias en las actividades realizadas. Por su parte la evaluación del nivel de confianza ahora un valor del 72.5% que se considera moderado, un nivel de riesgo de control del 11% bajo y un Riesgo Inherente del 27.5% calificándose como moderado en base a los niveles de riesgo y confianza. En base al diagnóstico situacional efectuado se tiene entre las principales fortalezas de la empresa la infraestructura propia, experiencia dentro del área agrícola, entre las oportunidades genera una gran cantidad de fuentes de trabajo a la población, entre las debilidades se tiene la falta de compromiso de los empleados, así como la carencia de un manual de funciones

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Estudios de Caso sobre Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales en el siglo XXI.

Libro científico sobre estudios de casos en el medio agropecuario y ruralCon el advenimiento del siglo XXI y el avance de los procesos de globalización, el medio rural presenta diversos cambios económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales. Lo anterior significa que el campo es un objeto de estudio altamente dinámico, complejo e inasible. las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales, en la actualidad, requieren de un abordaje sistémico e interdisciplinario que den cuenta de la heterogeneidad de situaciones y contextos que enfrenta el campo mexicano. La presente obra agrupa 18 estudios de caso, que capturan algunas fotografías de las diversas problemáticas de la ruralidad mexicana, con lo cual se pretende dar cuenta tanto de los objetivos de estudio como de la perspectiva teórico metodológico desde que estos son abordados. lo anterior tiene que ver con el hecho de que las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales manifiestan un alto grado de observación empírica, motivo por el que los estudios de caso se convierten en la perspectiva metodológica idónea que permite ir y venir de la realidad a la teoría y viceversa para la construcción de objetos de estudio. En este volumen se aborda una gran diversidad de casos, que sintetizan la heterogeneidad de enfoques y perspectivas mediante las cuales los fenómenos agropecuarios y rurales han sido abordados en el Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, en los últimos 30 años

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Main diseases of the nervous system in children: a narrative review

© 2019, Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacologia y de Farmacologia Clinica y Terapeutica. All rights reserved. In children the appearance of neurological disorders is associated with embryonic development until early childhood, these imply an important socioeconomic burden for the family nucleus, as well as for the health sector. It is important to have clear knowledge about the most frequent neurological alterations in this age group, which affect the development of the nervous system and the embryological mechanisms that are compromised. Among these diseases, there are congenital diseases such as anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, and spina bifida, such as those common in central nervous system group alterations. There are also other pathologies linked to the cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system, as well as childhood cerebral palsy that is a group of disorders that affect the psychomotor child development associated with lesions during brain development with various risk factors such as genetic malformations, peritnatal asphyxia, among others. Other types of diseases that affect the nervous system are tumors, the most frequent being medublastoma, glioma, and ependymoma. Similarly, seizures constitute a broad heterogeneous syndrome that can be caused by some of the previously exposed diseases or be found as a unique condition, in general this type of disease generates a burden on different levels for both children and their caregivers. Therefore, prevention or timely diagnosis is essential through assertive pregnancy control since they are conditions that can be detected during pregnancy.© 2019, Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacologia y de Farmacologia Clinica y Terapeutica. All rights reserved. In children the appearance of neurological disorders is associated with embryonic development until early childhood, these imply an important socioeconomic burden for the family nucleus, as well as for the health sector. It is important to have clear knowledge about the most frequent neurological alterations in this age group, which affect the development of the nervous system and the embryological mechanisms that are compromised. Among these diseases, there are congenital diseases such as anencephaly, holoprosencephaly, and spina bifida, such as those common in central nervous system group alterations. There are also other pathologies linked to the cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system, as well as childhood cerebral palsy that is a group of disorders that affect the psychomotor child development associated with lesions during brain development with various risk factors such as genetic malformations, peritnatal asphyxia, among others. Other types of diseases that affect the nervous system are tumors, the most frequent being medublastoma, glioma, and ependymoma. Similarly, seizures constitute a broad heterogeneous syndrome that can be caused by some of the previously exposed diseases or be found as a unique condition, in general this type of disease generates a burden on different levels for both children and their caregivers. Therefore, prevention or timely diagnosis is essential through assertive pregnancy control since they are conditions that can be detected during pregnancy

Epileptic status on children: diagnostic and therapeutic general aspects

© 2019, Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacologia y de Farmacologia Clinica y Terapeutica. All rights reserved. Epileptic status (ES) is a very common neurological pathology in children that requires immediate attention. Seizures are abnormal and excessive synchronous discharges of neurons in the brain that are reflected through an electroencephalogram, these have a classification based on states according to their duration and their clinical expression depends on brain activity extension. Several international guidelines define ES as a clinical or electrographic activity continues for more than 5 minutes, its incidence varies according to age, with children under 5 years being the most affected ones. However, recurrence rates are considerably higher due to central nervous system infections and affect children in developing countries to a greater extent. Specifically, febrile seizures affect infants who have greater exposure to infections of any origin, this in turn implies a mortality rate that is higher in this age group compared to adults. Its diagnosis is focused on identifying the episodes and carrying out complementary studies to discover the underlying cause, which will vary according to the case: laboratory tests, lumbar puncture and / or computed tomogra-phy. On the other hand, the treatment of ES should be aimed at stopping seizures as soon as possible, focusing on general measures with special attention to good airway management and assertive medication use.© 2019, Sociedad Venezolana de Farmacologia y de Farmacologia Clinica y Terapeutica. All rights reserved. Epileptic status (ES) is a very common neurological pathology in children that requires immediate attention. Seizures are abnormal and excessive synchronous discharges of neurons in the brain that are reflected through an electroencephalogram, these have a classification based on states according to their duration and their clinical expression depends on brain activity extension. Several international guidelines define ES as a clinical or electrographic activity continues for more than 5 minutes, its incidence varies according to age, with children under 5 years being the most affected ones. However, recurrence rates are considerably higher due to central nervous system infections and affect children in developing countries to a greater extent. Specifically, febrile seizures affect infants who have greater exposure to infections of any origin, this in turn implies a mortality rate that is higher in this age group compared to adults. Its diagnosis is focused on identifying the episodes and carrying out complementary studies to discover the underlying cause, which will vary according to the case: laboratory tests, lumbar puncture and / or computed tomogra-phy. On the other hand, the treatment of ES should be aimed at stopping seizures as soon as possible, focusing on general measures with special attention to good airway management and assertive medication use