Reducing the Polluting Emissions. A Source for Diminishing the Climate Changes

The USA and the Western Europe are responsible for 2/3 of the CO2 emissions accumulated until today. On the other hand, Africa has produced only 3% of polluting emission since 1900 until today, by burning mineral fuels. Since 1992, the most industrialized countries have promised to help “the most vulnerable nations face the adverse consequences of climate changes” by supporting the costs of adaptation. The commitment was included in the convention frame that gave birth to the Kyoto Treaty, which was rejected by the George W. Bush Administration, even though the initial document, issued in 1992, had been signed by George Bush. The industrialized countries that signed the Kyoto Treaty have decided to create a special fund for “climate adaptation”. Hundreds of millions of dollars had to be used in order to diminish the impact of the global warming in the most exposed areas.Lately, maybe because the CO2 emissions increase due to human activities, the planet climate has changed for worse. 2007 was a key year in evaluating the reply the planet would give to the global overheating, mainly caused by the green-house effect and worsen by El Nino oceanic stream. This superposition of climate factors made 2007 to be one of the warmest years ever registered.diminution of polluting emissions, climate changes

MENTALITIES OF THE ROMANIANS BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS

Mentality is defined as an assembly of manners of acting or thinking about someone or something. Related to the history of mentalities in the 19th century the core elements were the building of the nation and the constitutional law and only at the beginning of the 20th century the economic development and the relations between social classes. Mentalities change hard and slowly. Therefore, quick leaps (social, economic, political and cultural) cannot be done within a population which is immersed in old mentalities. The traditional rural society is animated by religious dogmas and conceptions. Old mentalities of the population very often generate social unrest. In Romania between the two world wars these mentalities were the background of the future social changes imposed after the Soviet model and which continue to influence even today the development of the country. Enlightened minds of Romania concerned in the first decades of the 20th century about learning and evaluating the mentalities specific to our nation. Foreseeing the important and creative role of individuals for a nation on multiple levels, these free-thinking minds inferred the assembly of conscience and behaviour traits that build up the national characteristics of the Romanian nation. In a comparative regard of the studies quoted hereunder, that we might characterise as being of reference for characterising the mentalities of our nation in the period between the two World Wars of the 20th century, we may conclude that the Romanian nation pertains to the extended family of the European nations and world nations; demanding times endowed the Romanian nation and its representative with some negative behavioural traits, but which are not predominant; the Romanian’s nature is positive, constructive and creative. A logical conclusion imposes itself: despite the relatively low number of population, along centuries, the Romanian nation still holds a place of honour in the world gallery of sciences and arts, with original, innovative, creative, unique ideas which added in furthering human knowledge towards new thresholds of progress and civilisation. Even if they had sometimes to face hardships of time and people alike, the mentioned priorities prove beyond any doubt the ancestral virtues of intelligence and investigative minds, the millennial creative and enduring genius of the Romanian nation. This is the specific of the Romanian nation which has not yet had its last word in the evolution of Humanity towards Good, Progress and Civilisation.history of mentalities, the nature and psyche of Romanians, Romanian mentality, new spirituality, European Spirituality

THE DISCOUNT RATE POLICY IN ROMANIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Throughout the 20th century, economists have generally acknowledged the importance of the central bank discount rate as the reference interest rate in a country: by increasing the interest rate during economic booms that forego the busts, the Central Bankdiscount rate, monetary policy, interest rate

USEFUL CRISES

The autumn of 2008 has produced, starting from the American and European mortgage credits crisis, the most powerful and deep financial, monetary and economic crisis, which last phases the most advanced states of the planet seemed to be experienced in the first half of 2009. As anything that happened in the life of humans, the economic crises have not only bad, negative sides, but they also have good, positive sides.financial; monetary and economic crisis; fraud

STRUCTURAL FUNDS AND OVERCOMING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS Emilian M. Dobrescu, Romanian Academy and Spiru Haret University Cristina Barna, Spiru Haret University Bucharest

The European Commission is the authority that supervises the EuropeanUnion structural funds, which are meant to finance the measures of structural aid at thecommunity level, aiming to promote the regions lagging behind in development, toreconvert the areas affected by industrial decline, to fight against the long-termunemployment, to help the youth professional insertion or to promote the ruraldevelopment. Besides the Structural Funds, other financial instruments are in use,namely the Cohesion Fund. Between 2007 and 2013, Romania will benefit fromstructural funds in the amount of 32 billion Euros, granted by the European Union. Suchfunds need to be effectively managed and they have to reach where development is animperative; otherwise, they are in danger of being forfeited. The paper herein aims togive a general presentation of the structural funds, a highlight of the dissimilaritiesbetween them and the pre-accession funds, the explanation of the criteria for granting thestructural funds, as well as an in-depth analysis of the National Strategic ReferenceFramework 2007-2013. At the same time, beyond the absorption obstacles(documentation, evaluation, bank credits), the structural and the cohesion funds arepresented as solution to overcome the current economic crisis.structural funds, operational program, cohesion policy, economic crisis

THE FDI ROLE IN STIMULATING THE INTEGRATION PHENOMENON

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that the reference rate influences significantly the economic evolution of a country or some large areas on which that currency circulates; we mean euro and US dollar. The monetary policy regarding the reference rate influences clearly the economic policies, and not the other way round. The banking policies regarding the reference rate influence clearly the economic-financial activity of the area in which that currency circulates

MENTALITIES OF THE ROMANIANS BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS

Mentality is defined as an assembly of manners of acting or thinking about someone or something. Related to the history of mentalities in the 19th century the core elements were the building of the nation and the constitutional law and only at the beginning of the 20th century the economic development and the relations between social classes. Mentalities change hard and slowly. Therefore, quick leaps (social, economic, political and cultural) cannot be done within a population which is immersed in old mentalities. The traditional rural society is animated by religious dogmas and conceptions. Old mentalities of the population very often generate social unrest. In Romania between the two world wars these mentalities were the background of the future social changes imposed after the Soviet model and which continue to influence even today the development of the country. Enlightened minds of Romania concerned in the first decades of the 20th century about learning and evaluating the mentalities specific to our nation. Foreseeing the important and creative role of individuals for a nation on multiple levels, these free-thinking minds inferred the assembly of conscience and behaviour traits that build up the national characteristics of the Romanian nation. In a comparative regard of the studies quoted hereunder, that we might characterise as being of reference for characterising the mentalities of our nation in the period between the two World Wars of the 20th century, we may conclude that the Romanian nation pertains to the extended family of the European nations and world nations; demanding times endowed the Romanian nation and its representative with some negative behavioural traits, but which are not predominant; the Romanian’s nature is positive, constructive and creative. A logical conclusion imposes itself: despite the relatively low number of population, along centuries, the Romanian nation still holds a place of honour in the world gallery of sciences and arts, with original, innovative, creative, unique ideas which added in furthering human knowledge towards new thresholds of progress and civilisation. Even if they had sometimes to face hardships of time and people alike, the mentioned priorities prove beyond any doubt the ancestral virtues of intelligence and investigative minds, the millennial creative and enduring genius of the Romanian nation. This is the specific of the Romanian nation which has not yet had its last word in the evolution of Humanity towards Good, Progress and Civilisation

Romanian communities abroad

The number of Romanians living abroad, in Europe, North and South Ame­rica, Australia and Asia does not exceed 11 million. The biggest Romanian communities are in the United States, Canada, Germany, Aus­tralia, France, Italy, Great Britain, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Irelan­d, Venezuela and New Zealand. If in case of Romanian ethnics living in the United States, Canada, France, Vene­zu­ela, etc., we can mainly talk about either pre-war migration or anticommunist political exile, in other states such as Italy, Ger­ma­ny, Spain, Ireland or New Zea­­land, most of the Romanian communities have been generated by the economic exile, especially after December 1989

THE SOCIAL COMPONENT OF THE COMMUNITY JUSTICE REFORM

The European Convention on Human Rights established an unprecedented system ofprotection of individual rights and freedoms applicable in the present, in almost all Europeancountries.The creation of a Permanent Court in 1988, was motivated essentially by the increasing the number ofindividual complaints the settlement of which was not possible under the old procedure. The number ofindividual complaints continued to increase on an accelerated rhythm and therefore the number ofcases in which settlement was required has increased considerably.The growing number of individual applications impose Community Justice System permanent reformand consideration of issues raised in the findings of this paper.community justice reform, European citizenship, European Court of Human Rights.