Route Network Analysis in Khartoum City

Road network has been viewed as a major dynamic force in influencing quality of life and shaping cities all over the globe. Sudan as developing country is witnessing growth in transport and infrastructure such as roads and bridges. Big cities such as Khartoum suffer from congestions of traffic. Nevertheless, finding correct route in the required time is a difficult problem for many drivers especially in emergency cases. The lack of adequate information to find the shortest route to the nearest service, together with the lack of tools to extract such information and presents it when needed. The purpose of the paper is to introduce a proposal to produce digital route guided maps and hence deploy digital spatially enabled location-based computer program to be downloaded in laptop and mobile as a platform to improve services in case of emergencies such as accidents. This had been done by utilizing the capabilities of GIS in network analysis and visualization to enhance decision making in route selection to the nearest hospital by mapping the services area based on travel time

Analysis of Irrigation Water Requirements in Gezira Scheme Using Geographic Information Systems: Case Study Block Number 26 (Dolga)

Water scarcity has a direct impact on food security and a real threat to food production for millions of the population. To avoid the unwise and random consumption of available water resources, it is high time for using efficient system and appropriate policies for management of irrigated farms to control water overuse, starting by the analysis of the existing reality. Block number 26 (Dolga) in Gezira scheme had been chosen as a study area. The total area of the study area is about 24616 Feddans. The study aims to apply GIS in the data editing, manipulation, storage, processing, and presentation for the analysis of irrigation water requirements. GIS had been chosen for its capabilities of data capturing, data processing and efficient spatial analysis. Layers of geo-referenced spatial database including crops’ maps, irrigation canals network and its command area, each crop water requirements, irrigation water requirement, rainfall data, area cultivated for each crop and contour map of the study area had been created and used for the spatial analysis in ArcGIS software. Five course rotations are applied for the crops of cotton, wheat, sorghum, and groundnut. Each crop covers 20% of the total area and the remaining 20% are fallow and layer for each crop had been created. Crops’ water requirements had been calculated applying Penman-Monteith method and saved in the attributes Table of crops layer. It had been found that the seasonal crop water requirements per Feddan for each crop is 3,871.56 m3, 2,983.26 m3, 1,847.16 m3 and 2,007.6 m3 respectively, calculated using Penman-Monteith method. The total crops water requirements are 50,254,962.66m3(absorbed by plants), water allotment of the study area according to the ratio of the area is 67, 195,230.327 m3, irrigation water requirement is 64,537,716.5 m3 (including the water losses), where the actual water supply is 63,817,600 m3 which had been calculated applying ArcGIS tools and saved in the attribute Table of the crops and rotation layer. The study had concluded that cotton consumes the largest amount of water supply, rainfall water is in irrigation has the used only in the complementary irrigation of sorghum crop and the implementation of GIS capabilities enables efficient analysis and scheduling of irrigation water

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service In Malaysia : Current Practice And Cost Evaluation [RM301.9. E41 2008 f rb].

Pemantauan drug terapeutik (TDM) telah dikenalpasti sebagai satu alat klinikal yang berguna dalam terapi drug. Walaupun ia telah bermula sejak tahun 1980an lagi di negara ini, hanya sedikit sahaja kajian yang telah dilakukan mengenainya. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been recognized as a useful clinical tool in drug therapy. Although it was started in the 1980s in this country, very few studies had been performed to evaluate the service

A Case of Newcastle Disease Virus in Red-Headed Lovebird in Sudan

Two diseased red-headed lovebirds were presented for diagnosis to the Department of Avian Diseases and Diagnosis, Veterinary Research Institute, aged 37 days and 4 years. The symptoms were dyspnea, cyanosis of the comb, diarrhea, and fever. Postmortem lesions included pale liver and bloody enteritis. Newcastle disease virus was isolated from lungs, trachea, and intestines following inoculation in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile eggs; the NDV was identified by the means of HA&HI tests using specific NDV antisera (Lasota strain). The isolate agglutinated equine RBCs but failed to agglutinate sheep and bovine RBCs. The pathogenicity of the NDV isolate was studied, the mean death time was 96 hours, and the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) value was 0.9, indicating the isolate of lentogenic type

Cost evaluation of therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin at a teaching hospital in Malaysia

Background: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) makes use of serum drug concentrations as an adjunct to decision-making. Preliminary data in our hospital showed that approximately one-fifth of all drugs monitored by TDM service were gentamicin. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the costs associated with providing the service in patients with bronchopneumonia and treated with gentamicin. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from medical records of patients admitted to the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over a 5-year period. These patients were diagnosed with bronchopneumonia and were on gentamicin as part of their treatment. Five hospitalisation costs were calculated; (i) cost of laboratory and clinical investigations, (ii) cost associated with each gentamicin dose, (iii) fixed and operating costs of TDM service, (iv) cost of providing medical care, and (v) cost of hospital stay during gentamicin treatment. Results: There were 1920 patients admitted with bronchopneumonia of which 67 (3.5%) had TDM service for gentamicin. Seventy-three percent (49/67) patients were eligible for final analysis. The duration of gentamicin therapy ranged from 3 to 15 days. The cost of providing one gentamicin assay was MYR25, and the average cost of TDM service for each patient was MYR104. The average total hospitalisation cost during gentamicin treatment for each patient was MYR442 (1EUR approx. MYR4.02). Conclusion: Based on the hospital perspective, in patients with bronchopneumonia and treated with gentamicin, the provision of TDM service contributes to less than 25% of the total cost of hospitalization

Land Degradation Assessment in Rawashda Area, Gedaref State-Sudan “Using Remote Sensing, GIS and Soil Techniques”.

Abstract- The objective of this study is to quantify the lad deterioration in Al Rawasha area in Gedaref State- Sudan. Owing to the availability of vast potential cultivable arable land, good amount of seasonal rainfall, and favourable climatic conditions, Sudan, was qualified to be one of the leading countries in food production worldwide (World Breadbasket). Therefore, rain-fed mechanized farming which was introduced in the 1945 in Al Gedaref area, had rapidly expanded horizontal in the clay plain across the country. But, the development of this type of farming system became a problematic area, particularly in the arid and semi arid zones (GEF, et al., (1999) (Sanyu Consultants inc. (2001). This is because huge vegetation covers was removed without replacement. The situation was aggravated by land misuse (mismanagement, poor agricultural practices, logging, overgrazing, and adoption of inappropriate technology)