THE STATE AND THE PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRACY IN NIGERIA

The Nigerian state today is nothing more than a rentier state whose neo-colonial capitalistmode and social relations were not substantially modified by the rapid transfonnation from the production of agricultural commodities (palm oil, rubber, tin, cereals, etc.) to petroleum as the main source of capital accumulation. The unpredictability and volatility of the rentier economy has over the years been the central factor in all regime changes and democratic developments since independence. While in the core developed countries the . state historically evolved some measures of 'relative autonomy' from the economically dominant class and fractions, the state in Nigeria fuses class power and political power together. Thus the on-going struggle for state power through the process ofdemocracy is simultaneously a struggle for the means of distribution and consumption which only power can confer. This paper therefore examines the structure of the Nigerian state and the attendant constraint it poses for the practice and sustainability of democracy and democratic institutions. The paper sums up the conclusion that the state in Nigeria is anti-thetical to the survival ofdemocracy since the,state has become politicised and instrumentalised into a partisan state that is at once the arena and object ofparticularist conflicts

Money Politics and Good Governance in Nigeria

Going by the events of the fourth republic politics in Nigeria from 1999 till date, it has become apparent that the process of seeking elective positions by politicians and their collaborators(sponsors)has reduced the practice of politicking to mere business investment venture solely for the purpose of profit maximization as epitomized by the Ngige/Uba and Ladoja/Adedibu fiasco, besides several other cases of massive corruption and money laundering that permeates the corridors of power at all levels. These situations speak volume of the kind of leadership the nation has had this past fourteen years as manifested by the increasing state of poverty, inequality and poor living conditions of Nigerians who are yet to savour the benefits of democratization. This paper argued that since the quest for material accumulation and consolidation has remained the bane for seeking political power, various shades of persons with questionable moral bankruptcy will continue to flood our politic landscape unhindered in order to manipulate the instrumentality of state power to further their ill-conceived motives of looting the nation’s wealth rather than address the urgent societal problems of poverty, hunger, infrastructural decay, rising unemployment, insecurity, to mention but a few. The paper concludes by stating emphatically that there is urgent necessity to put in place a workable constitutional framework that is people oriented and empowers them with the ultimate sovereignty of choosing those to govern them, otherwise the ‘demon’ called money and its manipulative tendencies will continue to undermine the process of democratic governance in Nigeria

Constitutional Development and Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria: The Unending Dilemma

Awolowo's conceptualization of Nigeria as a mere geographical contraction occasioned to serve the interest of our erstwhile British colonialists and the postcolonial state collaborators clearly underscores her existentiality and the ensuing social and inter-group relations that has permeated the diverse groupings since 1914. Since independence in 1960, the leadership of the Nigerian nation-state for the umpteenth time with little or no results have engaged, dissipated energy and scarce resources as well as employed diversionary tactics/antics of constitutional development, reforms and amendment for enforcing the nation's continuity. The latent manifestation of this forced togetherness is exacerbated by various crises of marginalization, deprivation, self-secession agitation, Ethnoregional competition for state power and resource control etc. This paper critically examines the underlying dynamics and contradiction that characterized Nigeria 's constitutional development process that is meant to serve as the foundational basis upon which the essence of our collectivity is anchored. This paper concludes that until there is an all inclusiveness of the various diverse nationalities (whether majority or minority) that make up the Nigerian nation-state in altruistically having defined stakes in the nation-state, the present razz mantas that constitute the crux and modus operandi of our inter-group relations and interactions is nothing but a futile exercise that will not advance our national aspirations

NEO-LIBERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF LAGOS STATE

Following Nigeria’s adoption of the neo-liberal policy symbolized by structural adjustment or economic reforms since the 1980s, the informal sector has witnessed massive growth both in form and content. However, the sector’s effective participation in national development over the last two decades has been faced with a variety of constraints including high social costs burden, lack of access to resources, markets, land and basic infrastructure. The sector is also perceived as operating in a hostile political, social, economic and institutional environment. All these challenges have adversely affected the socio-economic and working conditions of operators, resulting in the overall decline in their standards of living. Though there exists commentaries about the fate of this sector, there does not appear to be an in-depth analysis of the intersections of relevant variables that will determine the effectiveness of this sector as a catalyst for development. This study therefore investigates the socioeconomic implications of the neo-liberal policy reforms of government on the human development of operators in the informal sector. Since human development reflects achievements in the most basic human capabilities, the study evaluates the degree to which the neo-liberal policy has brought about improvement in the welfare of operators in the sector. The study was conducted in six Local Government Areas of Lagos State. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were employed. The study utilized the survey approach through the administration of questionnaire which was complemented with Focus Group Discussions. A sample of 575 respondents was selected for the study using the systematic sampling technique. The quantitative data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The institutional theory was used to explain the nature of the Nigerian state and its implications for addressing the basic social needs of the people which indeed remain the core of development. The findings of the study established that the neo-liberal policy on social service expenditures, subsidy removal, interest/exchange rates, trade liberalization and oil sector deregulation had an adverse influence on the demand and supply sides of informal sector operations. These measures did not only aggravate the poverty state of operators but also invariably undermined human development in the sector. The chi-square test shows that there was a significant association between neo-liberal policy measures and the decline in the socioeconomic conditions of operators (281.41 at p < 0.05), performance (171.47 at p < 0.05), and social welfare (39.50 at p < 0.05). The study concludes that for human development to occur in the informal operators, the country needs a developmental state where the leadership and policy makers would see the investment in the people as the central element in the entire development process. The study further recommends the development of a bottom-up policy approach that will incorporate the informal sector into the mainstream economy by harnessing its comparative advantage; besides removing the discriminatory legislations and regulations that hamper the growth of the sector. Furthermore, for the national economy to achieve sustained development, investment must be channeled toward the provision of inputs, raw materials, infrastructure and social services. This is the basic ingredient for stimulating economic growth, productivity of labour and incomes in the informal sector. In all, for the Nigerian state to achieve any meaningful economic development that would advance human development, its policies and programmes must engage and incorporate the genuine participation of the end beneficiaries, recognizing and respecting their needs and priorities