Państwo, gospodarka, społeczeństwo w integrującej się Europie TOM 3

Ze wstępu: "1 maja 2004 przyniesie radykalną zmianą sytuacji dotychczasowych kandydatów do Unii Europejskiej. Z roli aplikanta i petenta przekształcą się we współdecydenta. Już dziś z przyszłymi członkami konsultuje się większość kwestii wymagających strategicznych decyzji. Przez ostatnie dziesięć lat wysiłek polityczny i intelektualny był skierowany na uzyskanie członkostwa Unii, a w ostatnim okresie negocjacji - na osiągnięcie najlepszych według polityków i ekonomistów warunków akcesji. 1 ten etap mamy już za sobą. Pora zacząć patrzeć przed siebie, lecz niejako petent, ale kraj współodpowiedzialny za dalsze funkcjonowanie i rozwój powiększonej Unii. Z tej perspektywy istotnajest analiza gospodarki europejskiej, z którąjuż dziś gospodarka państw kandydackich, także Polski, jest silnie powiązana. Wiedza na ten temat jest uboga i ograniczona do przeglądu bieżących wskaźników makroekonomicznych. Zarówno w ośrodkach rządowych, jak i pozarządowych dominuje podejście analizujące, co z konkretnego wydarzenia w innym kraju wynika dla gospodarki polskiej. Stanowczo nie wystarczy to do pełnienia odpowiedzialnej roli współdecydenta. Potrzebna jest pogłębiona wiedza na temat gospodarki europejskiej jako całości i poszczególnych krajów, a także najważniejszych partnerów handlowych i gospodarczych zjednoczonej Europy. Konieczne są pogłębione prace studialne dotyczące mechanizmów międzynarodowych, gdyż organy unijne będą się zajmować w najbliższych latach dalszym rozwojem europejskiego jednolitego Rynku, rywalizacją gospodarczą z USA i krajami azjatyckimi, liberalizacjąhandlu światowego."(...

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Cannabis education in United States Pharmacy Colleges and Schools

IntroductionGiven the rapid change in legal status and rise in cannabis use within the United States (U.S.), pharmacists will increasingly require competence in issues related to cannabis, especially for medical use. Pharmacy students and professionals in other health fields report low levels of cannabis knowledge, and medical cannabis users report that their knowledge is mostly from their own experiences and the internet. Several pharmacy organizations have advocated for pharmacists’ education on therapeutic and legal issues related to medical cannabis.ObjectivesTo determine the extent to which cannabis and its medical use are covered in the educational curricula of U.S. schools and colleges of pharmacy, plans for future coverage of medical cannabis, and differences by the state‐level legal status of cannabis.MethodsPharmacy schools and colleges located within the U.S. were identified via the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education website. A 19‐item survey was developed by researchers with experience in curriculum development and pharmaceutical issues related to cannabis. One individual from each school provided detailed information on the inclusion of medical cannabis/marijuana topics in their Doctor of Pharmacy program.ResultsTwo‐thirds (67%) of programs responded to the survey. Most programs (85.4%) had content on medical cannabis available in their curriculum, 53.1% in their required curriculum, 65.6% in their elective curriculum, and 33.0% in both their required and elective curricula. A small proportion (16.7%) had a stand‐alone medical cannabis elective course. Stand‐alone electives had the most comprehensive coverage of cannabis topics. General required and elective courses had minor differences in comprehensiveness.ConclusionResults demonstrate a moderately rapid expansion in cannabis coverage in pharmacy curricula, although coverage of cannabis topics is rarely comprehensive. Additional efforts are needed to integrate cannabis into coursework and experiential learning experiences.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167784/1/jac51400_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167784/2/jac51400.pd