Survival states as indicators of learning performance and biological stress in refugee children: a cross-sectional study with a comparison group

Background: Our goal was to accurately detect young children at risk for long-term psychiatric disturbances after potentially traumatic experiences in the course of relocation. In addition to detailed assessment of parent-rated parent and child symptomatology, we focused on disruptive behaviors in the education environment summarized as survival states, as these frequently lead to clinical referral. Methods: We screened 52 refugee children aged 3-7 (M = 5.14 years, SD = 1.17) for symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screening (CATS) in parent rating. The parents' mental health was assessed using the Refugee Health Screener (RHS-15). Furthermore, the child's educators were asked to evaluate the pathological survival states of the child and we made a general assessment of the children's symptoms with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) rated by parents and educators. Children in the refugee sample completed a working memory learning task (Subtest Atlantis from the Kaufmann Assessment Battery for Children, KABC-II) and delivered saliva samples for testing of the cortisol level. Results: The parental rating of their child's PTSD symptoms was significantly related to their own mental well-being (r = .50, p < .001). Children with survival states in educator ratings exhibited weaker learning performance (F = 3.49, p < .05) and higher evening cortisol levels (U = 113, z = ? 1.7, p < .05, one-tailed). Conclusions: Survival states are promising indicators for children's learning performance and distress level complementary to parent rating of child PTSD, which is highly intercorrelated with the parents' own symptom load. Trial registration number: DRKS00021150 on DRKS Date of registration: 04.08.2020 retrospectively registere

Non-verbal cognitive development, learning, and symptoms of PTSD in 3- to 6-year-old refugee children

As IQ tests are commonly used as key assessment method, we address the question whether our commonly used standardized IQ tests are appropriate for children from families of diverse cultures and different educational levels in a refugee population. We examined 109 refugee children aged 3-7 years (M = 5.10 years, SD = 1.25) with the 'Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children ' (KABC-II; Kaufmann & Kaufmann, 2015) on a language-free scale (Scale of Intellectual Functioning, SIF) and learning performance (subtest Atlantis). With a non-verbal IQ of 81.5 (SD = 18.01), the population mean of the refugee children is more than one standard deviation lower than the mean of the German norm population. Standardized scores follow the normal distribution and are not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity (flight duration, time spent in Germany, child PTSD in parent rating, parental symptom load, and parental education level).Conclusion: The interpretation of IQ test results for refugee children should be done cautiously as results may underestimate their cognitive capacity. Environmental factors, such as high illiteracy among parents in this study, the lack of institutional education of children and high lifetime stress, may explain our findings.Trial registration: DRKS00021150. What is Known: • There is a high pervasiveness for the use of standardized IQ tests in the German health and education system to determine eligibility for special education and social services. What is New: • Refugee children score significantly lower than German children in a language-free IQ test. As results are normally distributed and not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity, the low scores in the refugee group might be due to missing formal education

Der Kleinsatellit BIROS in der FireBIRD Mission

Dieser Bericht enthält eine detaillierte Abhandlung des gesamten Entwicklungsprozesses des Bi-spektralen Infrarot-Optischen Systems (BIROS) in der FireBIRD Mission, beginnend mit der wissenschaftlichen Aufgabenstellung zur Detektion und Bewertung von Hochtemperaturereignissen (HTE) aus dem Weltraum über die Auslegung des IR-Kamerasystems als primäre Nutzlast von BIROS, seiner Sekundärnutzlasten, des BIROS Satellitenbusses, dem Nutzerinterface zur Datenanforderung bis hin zu ausgewählten Anwendungsbeispielen der FireBIRD Datenprodukte. Es wird neben der technischen Beschreibung der Subsysteme des Satelliten und der bi-spektralen IR-Kamera, mit Bändern im mittleren Infrarot (MIR) und im thermalenInfrarot (TIR) die adaptive Anpassung der radiometrischen Dynamik der IR-Signaltrakte erklärt. Diese stellt ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal dar im Hinblick auf die bildhafte Erkennung und Bewertung von Feuern oder heißer Lava, welche Temperaturen zwischen 300 °C und 1300 °C erreichen, im sogenannten Sub-Pixelbereich. Anhand von verschiedenen Anwendungsbeispielen wird aufgezeigt, dass mit der IR-Kamera kleine Feuer von nur 10 m2 Ausdehnung zu erkennen sind und gleichzeitig bei der Beobachtung von riesigen Busch-bränden oder groß- flächigen Lavaströmen die IR-Kamera Signaltrakte nicht 'in die Sättigung' gehen, d.h. das Feuersignal nicht begrenzen. Aus der Beobachtung HTE einerseits und von NormalTemperatur-Phänomenen (NTP) konnten die adaptiven Dynamikbereiche für die MIR- und TIRBänder der Kamera nachgwiesen werden, die von keinem anderen IR-Kamaerasystem eines Kleinsatelliten bekannt sind. Die mit BIROS gesammelten Erfahrungen erlauben Schlussfolgerungen für zukünftige Kleinsatellitenmissionen zur räumlich und radiometrisch höher auflösenden Erdbeobachtung im MIR und TIR