1,891 research outputs found
Improving fairness in machine learning systems: What do industry practitioners need?
The potential for machine learning (ML) systems to amplify social inequities
and unfairness is receiving increasing popular and academic attention. A surge
of recent work has focused on the development of algorithmic tools to assess
and mitigate such unfairness. If these tools are to have a positive impact on
industry practice, however, it is crucial that their design be informed by an
understanding of real-world needs. Through 35 semi-structured interviews and an
anonymous survey of 267 ML practitioners, we conduct the first systematic
investigation of commercial product teams' challenges and needs for support in
developing fairer ML systems. We identify areas of alignment and disconnect
between the challenges faced by industry practitioners and solutions proposed
in the fair ML research literature. Based on these findings, we highlight
directions for future ML and HCI research that will better address industry
practitioners' needs.Comment: To appear in the 2019 ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems (CHI 2019
Proxy Tasks and Subjective Measures Can Be Misleading in Evaluating Explainable AI Systems
Explainable artificially intelligent (XAI) systems form part of
sociotechnical systems, e.g., human+AI teams tasked with making decisions. Yet,
current XAI systems are rarely evaluated by measuring the performance of
human+AI teams on actual decision-making tasks. We conducted two online
experiments and one in-person think-aloud study to evaluate two currently
common techniques for evaluating XAI systems: (1) using proxy, artificial tasks
such as how well humans predict the AI's decision from the given explanations,
and (2) using subjective measures of trust and preference as predictors of
actual performance. The results of our experiments demonstrate that evaluations
with proxy tasks did not predict the results of the evaluations with the actual
decision-making tasks. Further, the subjective measures on evaluations with
actual decision-making tasks did not predict the objective performance on those
same tasks. Our results suggest that by employing misleading evaluation
methods, our field may be inadvertently slowing its progress toward developing
human+AI teams that can reliably perform better than humans or AIs alone
Pressure evolution of electron dynamics in the superconducting kagome metal CsVSb
The coexistence of the charge-density wave (CDW) and superconducting phases
and their tunability under external pressure remains one of the key points in
understanding the electronic structure of VSb ( = K, Rb, Cs)
kagome metals. Here, we employ synchrotron-based infrared spectroscopy assisted
by density-functional calculations to study the pressure evolution of the
electronic structure at room temperature up to 17 GPa experimentally. The
optical spectrum of CsVSb is characterized by the presence of localized
carriers seen as a broad peak at finite frequencies in addition to the
conventional metallic Drude response. The pressure dependence of this
low-energy peak reflects the re-entrant behavior of superconductivity and may
be interpreted in terms of electron-phonon coupling, varying with the growth
and shrinkage of the Fermi surface. Moreover, drastic modifications in the
low-energy interband absorptions are observed upon the suppression of CDW.
These changes are related to the upward shift of the Sb2 band that
eliminates part of the Fermi surface around the -point, whereas band saddle
points do not move significantly. These observations shed new light on the
mixed electronic and lattice origin of the CDW in CsVSb
Parental involvement in stepfamilies: Biology, relationship type, residence, and gender
Objective: This study investigates the determinants of parental involvement in diverse types of stepfamilies. Background: Most research has studied parental involvement in married stepfather families with resident children. This study also includes some of the more recent and emerging stepfamily types (e.g., living-apart-together [LAT] stepfamilies) allowing for a simultaneous examination of the role of biological relatedness, type of relationship, residence, and gender for parental involvement. It also examines whether the role of biological relatedness differs depending on parents' gender and children's residence. Method: Multiple regression analyses were conducted using the New Families in the Netherlands (NFN) survey, large-scale data collected among divorced and separated parents with minor children (2015/16; NÂ =Â 3218). Results: Biological parents were more involved than stepparents (i.e., a stepgap was observed). This stepgap was smallest in married stepfamilies, followed by cohabiting stepfamilies and LAT stepfamilies, respectively. (Step)parents with resident children were more involved than those with nonresident children, with involvement being higher for full-time resident children than part-time resident (i.e., joint physical custody) children. The stepgap was larger for resident children than nonresident children, but did not differ between mothers and fathers. Conclusion: Biological relatedness, type of relationship, and where children reside are important determinants of parental involvement, whereas more nuance is required for the role of parents' gender
Strong transient magnetic fields induced by THz-driven plasmons in graphene disks
Strong circularly polarized excitation opens up the possibility to generate
and control effective magnetic fields in solid state systems, e.g., via the
optical inverse Faraday effect or the phonon inverse Faraday effect. While
these effects rely on material properties that can be tailored only to a
limited degree, plasmonic resonances can be fully controlled by choosing proper
dimensions and carrier concentrations. Plasmon resonances provide new degrees
of freedom that can be used to tune or enhance the light-induced magnetic field
in engineered metamaterials. Here we employ graphene disks to demonstrate
light-induced transient magnetic fields from a plasmonic circular current with
extremely high efficiency. The effective magnetic field at the plasmon
resonance frequency of the graphene disks (3.5 THz) is evidenced by a strong
(~1{\deg}) ultrafast Faraday rotation (~ 20 ps). In accordance with reference
measurements and simulations, we estimated the strength of the induced magnetic
field to be on the order of 0.7 T under a moderate pump fluence of about 440 nJ
cm-2
The transcription factor BCL11A defines distinct subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are diverse in their projection targets, effect on behavior, and susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms establishing this diversity during development. We show that the transcription factor BCL11A is expressed in a subset of mDA neurons in the developing and adult murine brain and in a subpopulation of pluripotent-stem-cell-derived human mDA neurons. By combining intersectional labeling and viral-mediated tracing, we demonstrate that Bcl11a-expressing mDA neurons form a highly specific subcircuit within the murine dopaminergic system. In the substantia nigra, the Bcl11a-expressing mDA subset is particularly vulnerable to neurodegeneration upon α-synuclein overexpression or oxidative stress. Inactivation of Bcl11a in murine mDA neurons increases this susceptibility further, alters the distribution of mDA neurons, and results in deficits in skilled motor behavior. In summary, BCL11A defines mDA subpopulations with highly distinctive characteristics and is required for establishing and maintaining their normal physiology
Ovarian reserve parameters and IVF outcomes in 510 women with poor ovarian response (POR) treated with intraovarian injection of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP)
The aim of the current study was to characterize ovarian reserve parameters and IVF outcomes in women with a history of poor ovarian response (POR) treated with intraovarian injection of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP). Reproductive age women (N=510; age range 30-45yo) diagnosed with POR based on Poseidon criteria were included in the study. PRP treatment resulted in higher AFC, higher serum AMH, lower serum FSH, and a higher number of mature oocytes and cleavage and blastocyst stage embryos. After PRP injection, 22 women (4.3%) conceived spontaneously, 14 (2.7%) were lost to follow up, and 474 (92.9%) attempted IVF. Among women who attempted IVF, 312 (65.8%) generated embryos and underwent embryo transfer, 83 (17.5%) achieved a pregnancy, and 54 (11.4%) achieved sustained implantation/live birth (SI/LB). In total, of the 510 women with POR and mean age of 40.3, PRP resulted in improvement of ovarian reserve parameters, a pregnancy rate of 20.5% and SI/LB rate of 12.9%. Our findings suggest that PRP treatment may be considered in women with POR. For wider clinical application, its clinical efficacy will need to be demonstrated in prospective randomized clinical trials
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