The Origins of Gastric Cancer From Gastric Stem Cells: Lessons From Mouse Models

The cellular origin of digestive cancers has been a long-standing question in the cancer field. Mouse models have identified long-lived stem cells in most organ systems, including the luminal gastrointestinal tract, and numerous studies have pointed to tissue resident stem cells as the main cellular origin of cancer. During gastric carcinogenesis, chronic inflammation induces genetic and epigenetic alterations in long-lived stem cells, along with expansion of stem cell niches, eventually leading to invasive cancer. The gastric corpus and antrum have distinct stem cells and stem cell niches, suggesting differential regulation of cancer initiation at the 2 sites. In this short review, we discuss recent experimental models and human studies, which provide important insights into the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant U54CA126513)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R01CA093405)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R01CA120979)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R01DK052778)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant R35CA210088)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant T32OD010978)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant P30ES002109)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grantd P01CA28842)Clyde Wu Family Foundatio

Phytochemicals from fern species: potential for medicine applications

Ferns are an important phytogenetic bridge between lower and higher plants. Historically they have been used in many ways by humans, including as ornamental plants, domestic utensils, foods, and in handicrafts. In addition, they have found uses as medicinal herbs. Ferns produce a wide array of secondary metabolites endowed with different bioactivities that could potentially be useful in the treatment of many diseases. However, there is currently relatively little information in the literature on the phytochemicals present in ferns and their pharmacological applications, and the most recent review of the literature on the occurrence, chemotaxonomy and physiological activity of fern secondary metabolites was published over 20 years ago, by Soeder (Bot Rev 51:442\u2013536, 1985). Here, we provide an updated review of this field, covering recent findings concerning the bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacology of fern species