UNRIPE FRUIT OF RUBUS FRAXINIFOLIUS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIELASTASE AGENT

Objective: This research aimed to examine the anti-oxidant activity, antielastase activity, and the content of total phenolic and total flavonoid of R. fraxinifolius unripe fruit. Methods: The dried unripe fruit was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with sequence solvent: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was determined the anti-oxidant and antielastase activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content. Result: The result showed the extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) gave anti-oxidant IC50>200; 186.84; and 19.74 ppm, and the ability of elastase inhibition was 6.84+0.9%; 52.23+7.1%; and 57.81+5.5% at 100 ppm, respectively. The methanolic extract contained phenolic 202.2 mg GAE/g extract and flavonoid 43.89 mg QE/g extract. Conclusion: R. fraxinifolius unripe fruit has shown potential as a DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenger and anti-elastase. This study provides an excellent effect to underline the importance of R. fraxinifolius unripe fruit, and it can be developed as nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, or herbal anti-wrinkle cosmetics

Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant. Key words: Arginase, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostical, Sterculia macrophylla

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM ETHYL ACETATE AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF GARCINIA DAEDALANTHERA PIERRE LEAVES

Objective: This study aimed to isolate and characterize the compounds responsible for the high antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate and methanolextracts of Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre leaves.Methods: In this study, the ethyl acetate extract was obtained by column chromatography, and the methanol extract was obtained by vacuum columnchromatography. The mobile phase comprised n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with increased polarity. Antioxidant activity was examined usingthe 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The fraction with the highest antioxidant activity was purified through column chromatography,recrystallization, and preparative thin-layer chromatography. This fraction, termed the isolate of B, was identified using DPPH and AlCl3, and itsantioxidant activity was quantitatively tested.Results: From this research, 21.7 mg of the isolate of B were obtained with an IC50 of 5.82 μg/mL. Identification using an AlCl3 sprayer producedyellow phosphorescent spots under UV light. UV-Vis spectrum analysis revealed the presence of an aromatic compound and conjugated double bonds.Infrared spectrum analysis revealed the presence of −OH, C–H alkane, C=C aromatic, C=O, and C-O-C groups.Conclusion: Based on this research, 21.7 mg of the isolate of B was derived through fractionation of the methanol extract, and this isolate exhibitedantioxidant activity with an IC50 of 5.82 μg/mL. The isolate of B was considered to be a flavonoid, as it was fluorescent under UV light (366 nm) afterbeing sprayed with AlCl3 reagent

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE ASCIDIAN MARINE INVERTEBRATES, DIDEMNUM SP.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of samples of the ascidian Didemnum sp. collected from Seribu Islands, Jakarta.Methods: Antioxidant activity was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Didemnum sp. was extracted into methanol andthen fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Fractions with the highest antioxidant activity were further fractionated using acceleratedcolumn chromatography.Results: The concentration of sample that reduced the DPPH radical by 50% (IC50) in a methanol extract of Didemnum sp. was 105.10 μg/mL. The ethylacetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 of 90.804 μg/mL). The most active fraction obtained from accelerated column chromatographyfraction had an IC50 of 86.35 μg/mL. The compounds contained in the most active fractions were alkaloids, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, andglycosides.Conclusion: The methanol extract of the ascidian Didemnum sp. exhibited antioxidant activity. Fractionation of the Didemnum sp. extract showed thatthe ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. Further, fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction by accelerated column chromatographyshowed that fraction VI had the highest antioxidant activity. The most active fraction contained alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, andglycosides

DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PRASMAN LEAF EXTRACTS (AYAPANA TRIPLINERVIS [VAHL]) AND THE TOTAL FLAVONOID AND PHENOL CONTENTS OF THE MOST ACTIVE EXTRACTS

Objective: Prasman (Ayapana triplinervis [Vahl]) is a plant that can eliminate free radicals through its antioxidant effects. However, little research hasbeen conducted to explore the antioxidant activity of the plant.Methods: A. triplinervis (Vahl) leaves, which were determined by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Bogor, were used in this study. Meanwhile,extraction was performed using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as the solvents. Based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay usinga UV–visible spectrophotometer and based on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay using a microplate reader.Results: Based on the DPPH assay using a UV–visible spectrophotometer, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts with a final concentrationof 25 μg/mL inhibited DPPH radical production by 38.91, 51.03, and 54.06%, respectively. Using the percent inhibition, the IC50 for the ethyl acetateand methanol extracts were 28.71 and 23.472 μg/mL, respectively. Based on FRAP assay using a microplate reader, the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, andmethanol extracts had ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity values of 460, 828.99, and 940.22 μmol/g, respectively. The methanol extract had thegreatest antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts at the initial concentrations contained total phenol levels of 12.06 and 42.11 mgGAE/g extract, respectively, as well as total flavonoid levels of 3.24 and 3.41 mg QE/g extract, respectively.Conclusion: Based on the determination of phenol and flavonoid levels, the methanol extract had the greatest antioxidant effects

INHIBITION OF 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COENZYME A REDUCTASE ACTIVITY BY EXTRACTS OF GARCINIA XANTHOCHYMUS MESOCARP AND TOTAL FLAVONOID ASSAY QUANTIFICATION OF THE MOST ACTIVE EXTRACT

Objective: This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of Garcinia xanthochymus mesocarp extracts against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.Methods: G. xanthochymus mesocarp was macerated sequentially using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Phytochemical screening andquantification of total flavonoids were performed on the most active extract.Results: Based on the tests, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts had inhibitory activities of 12.30±1.098%, 55.63±10.584%, and44.01±1.053%, respectively. The results showed that the ethyl acetate is the most active extract, containing flavonoid, terpenoid, glycoside, andanthraquinone compounds. The amount of total flavonoid contained in ethyl acetate extract was 1.61% or 16.114 mg QE/g toward quercetin.Conclusion: The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of G. xanthochymus have inhibitory actions against HMG-CoA reductase activityin vitro. Further research is still needed to strengthen this finding

ARGINASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF CAESALPINIA TORTUOSA ROXB

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the arginase inhibitory activity of Caesalpinia tortuosa Roxb. stem bark extracts.Methods: C. tortuosa Roxb. stem bark extracts were obtained through reflux extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol and theirinhibitory activity against arginase was measured using a microplate reader at 430 nm. Active extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysisand based on the qualitative phytochemical analysis, quantitative data regarding flavonoid and phenolic contents were obtained. The total flavonoidcontent of active extracts was determined using AlCl3 colorimetric method, and the phenolic content was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu method.Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. tortuosa Roxb. inhibited activity of arginase with IC50 values of 33.81 and 11.58 μg/mL,respectively, nor-NOHA acetate as standard drug inhibited arginase with IC50 values of I3.77 μg/mL. Both active extracts contained saponins,tannins, and flavonoids. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed a total flavonoid content of 7.41 mgQE/g and 5.05 mgQE/g and totalphenolic content of 27.55 mgGE/g and 17.16 mgGE/g, respectively. Methanol extracts had a higher inhibitory activity than ethyl acetateextracts despite having flavonoid and phenolic content, thereby suggesting no correlation between arginase inhibitory activity and flavonoidor phenolic content.Conclusion: Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of C. tortuosa Roxb. stem barks containing flavonoids, tannins, and saponins displayed arginaseinhibitory activity, and no correlation was observed between arginase inhibitory activity and flavonoid and phenolic content

EFFICACY OF LOTION CONTAINING FRACTIONS OF SELAGINELLA PLANA LEAVES AND LAGENARIA SICERARIA (MOLINA) STANDL. FRUIT FOR RELIEF OF SKIN ERYTHEMA

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical stability of two lotion formulations containing Selaginella plana and Lagenaria siceraria(Molina) Standl. and investigated their safety and efficacy to relieve erythema due to exposure to the sun.Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial consisting of five treatment groups: Negative control, positive control, neutral control, formulaA test group (containing a 1% ethanolic fraction of S. plana and a 0.5% ethanolic fraction of L. siceraria [Molina] Standl.), and formula B test group(containing a 0.5% ethanolic fraction of S. plana and a 1% ethanolic fraction of L. siceraria [Molina] Standl.). Each group had erythema induced byexposure to sunlight for 30 min between 10:00 and 16:00. The severities of erythema 1, 3, and 24 h after application were assessed.Results: Formula A was significantly better than formula B (p<0.05) at reducing the severity of erythema.Conclusion: Formula A containing a 1% ethanol fraction of S. plana and a 0.5% ethanol fraction of L. siceraria (Molina) Standl. showed the greatestreduction in the level of erythema (p<0.05). S. plana may reduce the prostaglandin synthesis caused by sun exposure

Potensi Fraksi Etil Asetat Ekstrak Daun Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) sebagai Antihiperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is the main risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Ethyl acetate fraction of gambier leaves extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) contains catechin secondary metabolites which have potency to be used as antihyperlipidemic. This study aimed to examine the antihyperlipidemic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of gambier leaves extract in vivo. Thirty six males of Sprague Dawley strain, 2,5 months old, were randomly divided into six groups: normal group, negative group (distilled water), positive group (simvastatin 2 mg/200 g bw), dose I (5 mg/200 g bw fraction), II (10 mg/200 g bw fraction) and III (20 mg/200 g bw fraction) groups. Rats were induced with high cholesterol and saturated fat feeds for 28 days, except in the normal group. Furthermore, rats were given the treatment for 28 days. The results showed when compared than negative control, dose III reduced of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL levels and increased HDL level (

COMPARISON OF INHIBITORY ACTIVITY AGAINST THE α-GLUCOSIDASE ENZYMES IN THE EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS FROM LEAVES OF THE GARCINIA KYDIA ROXBURGH

Objective : Garcinia kydia Roxb. is aspecies of the genus Garcinia, is based chemotaxonomic has various bioactive compounds that have been isolated by a variety of pharmacological activities, one of the activities that are being developed that inhibition of         α-glucosidase. However, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in the extracts and fraction from leaves of the Garcinia kydia Roxb. has not been reported. In this study, seeks to evaluated of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity against extracts and fractions of potentially.Methods : The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity test, conducted by in-vitro using the enzymatic reaction is measured of quantity with a microplate reader and identify the compound from the active fraction with normal-phase thin layer chromatography.Results : The ethyl acetate and methanol extract have the potential to inhibit the α-glucosidase with the percent inhibition at a concentration of 500μg/mL of 83 and 59%, respectively. The active fraction of the ethyl acetate extracts (FEA8) with percent inhibition at concentrations of 100 mg/mL and IC50 values of 80% and 2,79μg/mL, respectively and active fraction of the methanol extracts (FMT3) with percent inhibition at concentrations of 100 mg/mL and IC50 values of 71% and 8,43 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: Garcinia kydia Roxb. evident has the potential to inhibit the α-glucosidase. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds that suspected of acts as α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Thus, the research will continue the process of isolating the active compound so that it can be developed as natural therapeutic agents in the control of glucose