Memory of the history of the Wladyslaw Syrokomla's grave

The brief article raises an issue of immortalising the memory of poet Wladyslaw Syrokomla (real name: Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz, 1823–1862 ) and of looking after his tombstone. The poet was buried in Vilnius Rasos Cemetery, on the Hill of the Literaries. The article gives a brief overview of the history of Rasos Cemetery in the 19th and the 20th centuries. It is interesting that W. Syrokomla was the first to begin describing tombstone inscriptions in this cemetery in 1954. Unfortunately, his notes have not been found as yet. The poet lived in Vilnius and Borejkowszczyzna Folwark which was visited by Vilnius cultural elite (a museum exposition devoted to W. Syrokomla’s life and creative work has been running in this Folwark since 1975). The poet’s grave in Rasos Necropolis has always been visited by not only Vilnius residents, but also admirers of his talents coming from far away. The article provides details of the condition of the grave in the 19th and the 20th centuries, and variants of the epitaph. Based on the regional press, the article discusses attempts by Vilnius cultural associations to raise funds and look after the grave of W. Syrokomla (and also graves of other well-known creators in Rasos Cemetery). The memorial was last renovated in 1930s and is in a poor state

Historia czasopisma „Nasze Życie” i jego rola w zachowaniu i kształtowaniu języka polskiego Polaków mieszkających w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym na Łotwie

The history of “Nasze Życie” [“Our Life”] magazine and its role in preserving and shaping the Polish language of Poles living in Latvia in the interwar period   The history of press in the former Poland’s Livonia is created by Polish periodicals arising in the twentieth century interwar period such as: “The Voice of Poland”, “The Polish Weekly”, “The Bell”, “Our Voice”, “Our Life”. There is little mention of these magazines. Each of them played a major role in shaping the national identity, preserving the language and tradition. “Our Life” along with “The Dwarfs” – the supplement for children – were published from 24th December 1934 to 4th August 1940.The history of “Nasze Życie” [“Our Life”] magazine and its role in preserving and shaping the Polish language of Poles living in Latvia in the interwar period   The history of press in the former Poland’s Livonia is created by Polish periodicals arising in the twentieth century interwar period such as: “The Voice of Poland”, “The Polish Weekly”, “The Bell”, “Our Voice”, “Our Life”. There is little mention of these magazines. Each of them played a major role in shaping the national identity, preserving the language and tradition. “Our Life” along with “The Dwarfs” – the supplement for children – were published from 24th December 1934 to 4th August 1940

Strofy polskie Zofii Rujkówny znad Dźwiny

The poetry of Zofia Rujkówna from somwhere on the Dvina  The tradition of Polish literature has no continuity in the former Poland’s Livonia. Zofia Rujkowna began her literary adventure in the Polish press published in Latvia in the interwar period. Her poems can be found for example in “Dzwon”, “Nasz Głos”, “Nasze Życie”. She is the author of numerous works dedicated to the land that is situated by the Dvina River. Among them quite a few poems appeared on the occasion of many anniversaries: the anniversary of publishing “Dzwon” or the tenth anniversary of Latgalia’s liberation.  The poetry of Zofia Rujkówna from somwhere on the Dvina  The tradition of Polish literature has no continuity in the former Poland’s Livonia. Zofia Rujkowna began her literary adventure in the Polish press published in Latvia in the interwar period. Her poems can be found for example in “Dzwon”, “Nasz Głos”, “Nasze Życie”. She is the author of numerous works dedicated to the land that is situated by the Dvina River. Among them quite a few poems appeared on the occasion of many anniversaries: the anniversary of publishing “Dzwon” or the tenth anniversary of Latgalia’s liberation. &nbsp

Rola mniejszościowego szkolnictwa polskiego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w edukacji i zachowaniu języka polskiego w wielonarodowościowej Łotwie

The role of the Polish minority schools in the inter-war period in education and preservation of the Polish language in multi-ethnic LatviaPolish schools in Latvia played an important cultural, educational, patriotic and utilitarian role, which is why they deserve to be described. The scant literature on the problems of Polish schools in Latvia is complemented by numerous articles in the Polish press published in the former Polish Livonia in the inter-war period, including periodicals such as "Dzwon" The Bell, "Nasz Głos" Our Voice or "Nasze Życie" Our Life. Members of the Polish minority living in the former Polish Livonia could send their children to primary and secondary schools. In the new, better circumstances after the partition period, the possibility of freely cultivating one’s own national unique identity, also when it came to education, was an important element in the preservation of national consciousness, transmission of tradition and preparation for the next stage in the education process. Education institutions were founded on the basis of legislation adopted by the newly established Republic of Latvia. The first ten years were conducive to the founding of schools and to their development. Following the economic crisis of the early 1930s and Karlis Ulmanis’ later coup, schools were closed, teachers sacked and the Polish language was removed from mixed schools. Young Poles continued their education at universities in Poland, but also at the University of Riga, established in 1919 following the closure of the Riga Technical University. Education institutions, beginning with kindergarten, primary and secondary schools, were an effective tool in the fight for Polish identity, even considering the limitations and weaknesses that would emerge in their work.The role of the Polish minority schools in the inter-war period in education and preservation of the Polish language in multi-ethnic LatviaPolish schools in Latvia played an important cultural, educational, patriotic and utilitarian role, which is why they deserve to be described. The scant literature on the problems of Polish schools in Latvia is complemented by numerous articles in the Polish press published in the former Polish Livonia in the inter-war period, including periodicals such as "Dzwon" The Bell, "Nasz Głos" Our Voice or "Nasze Życie" Our Life. Members of the Polish minority living in the former Polish Livonia could send their children to primary and secondary schools. In the new, better circumstances after the partition period, the possibility of freely cultivating one’s own national unique identity, also when it came to education, was an important element in the preservation of national consciousness, transmission of tradition and preparation for the next stage in the education process. Education institutions were founded on the basis of legislation adopted by the newly established Republic of Latvia. The first ten years were conducive to the founding of schools and to their development. Following the economic crisis of the early 1930s and Karlis Ulmanis’ later coup, schools were closed, teachers sacked and the Polish language was removed from mixed schools. Young Poles continued their education at universities in Poland, but also at the University of Riga, established in 1919 following the closure of the Riga Technical University. Education institutions, beginning with kindergarten, primary and secondary schools, were an effective tool in the fight for Polish identity, even considering the limitations and weaknesses that would emerge in their work