Chalcogenide-glass polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

In this paper, we report the design and fabrication of a highly birefringent polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) made from chalcogenide glass, and its application to linearly-polarized supercontinuum (SC) generation in the mid-infrared region. The PM fiber was drawn using the casting method from As38Se62 glass which features a transmission window from 2 to 10 $\mu m$ and a high nonlinear index of 1.13.10$^{-17}$m$^{2}$W$^{-1}$. It has a zero-dispersion wavelength around 4.5 $\mu m$ and, at this wavelength, a large birefringence of 6.10$^{-4}$ and consequently strong polarization maintaining properties are expected. Using this fiber, we experimentally demonstrate supercontinuum generation spanning from 3.1-6.02 $\mu m$ and 3.33-5.78 $\mu m$ using femtosecond pumping at 4 $\mu m$ and 4.53 $\mu m$, respectively. We further investigate the supercontinuum bandwidth versus the input pump polarization angle and we show very good agreement with numerical simulations of the two-polarization model based on two coupled generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

Influence of turbulence on the dynamo threshold

We use direct and stochastic numerical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic equations to explore the influence of turbulence on the dynamo threshold. In the spirit of the Kraichnan-Kazantsev model, we model the turbulence by a noise, with given amplitude, injection scale and correlation time. The addition of a stochastic noise to the mean velocity significantly alters the dynamo threshold. When the noise is at small (resp. large) scale, the dynamo threshold is decreased (resp. increased). For a large scale noise, a finite correlation time reinforces this effect

On the statistical interpretation of optical rogue waves

Numerical simulations are used to discuss various aspects of "optical rogue wave" statistics observed in noise-driven fiber supercontinuum generation associated with highly incoherent spectra. In particular, we consider how long wavelength spectral filtering influences the characteristics of the statistical distribution of peak power, and we contrast the statistics of the spectrally filtered SC with the statistics of both the peak power of the most red-shifted soliton in the SC and the maximum peak power across the full temporal field with no spectral selection. For the latter case, we show that the unfiltered statistical distribution can still exhibit a long-tail, but the extreme-events in this case correspond to collisions between solitons of different frequencies. These results confirm the importance of collision dynamics in supercontinuum generation. We also show that the collision-induced events satisfy an extended hydrodynamic definition of "rogue wave" characteristics.Comment: Paper accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal ST, Special Topics. Discussion and Debate: Rogue Waves - towards a unifying concept? To appear 201

Hydro-Physicochemical Changes in Domasi River Associated with Outbreak of Blackflies (Diptera; Simuliidae) in Zomba, Malawi

Blackflies impact human and animal health due to their biting nuisance and transmission of Ochocerca volvulus. This study presents an attempt to analyze hydro physicochemical changes associated with outbreak of black flies in Zomba, Malawi. The study compared historical data of hydro physicochemical parameters before (1985-2002) and after (2008) the outbreak to deduce the changes associated with mass occurrence of these flies. Changes in water quality between these two periods were assessed using T-tests. To establish the relationship between the black fly larval densities and water quality parameters data was subjected to both principal component and correlation analysis. Three principal components before the outbreak and two principal components during the outbreak (both dry and wet season) accounted for most of the variation in water quality in this river system. Nutrient load, increases in Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Hardness (TH) were the main factors that had high loadings on these principal components over the years. A significant correlation was established between black fly larval densities and total hardness (r=0.86, p<0.05) as well as total suspended solids (r = 0.755, p<0.02). The potential role of anthropogenic influences on water quality and its cascading effect on black fly population dynamics is discussed

Wake structure and kinematics in two insectivorous bats

We compare kinematics and wake structure over a range of flight speeds (4.0–8.2 m s(−1)) for two bats that pursue insect prey aerially, Tadarida brasiliensis and Myotis velifer. Body mass and wingspan are similar in these species, but M. velifer has broader wings and lower wing loading. By using high-speed videography and particle image velocimetry of steady flight in a wind tunnel, we show that three-dimensional kinematics and wake structure are similar in the two species at the higher speeds studied, but differ at lower speeds. At lower speeds, the two species show significant differences in mean angle of attack, body–wingtip distance and sweep angle. The distinct body vortex seen at low speed in T. brasiliensis and other bats studied to date is considerably weaker or absent in M. velifer. We suggest that this could be influenced by morphology: (i) the narrower thorax in this species probably reduces the body-induced discontinuity in circulation between the two wings and (ii) the wing loading is lower, hence the lift coefficient required for weight support is lower. As a result, in M. velifer, there may be a decreased disruption in the lift generation between the body and the wing, and the strength of the characteristic root vortex is greatly diminished, both suggesting increased flight efficiency. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’

On the modulation instability development in optical fiber systems

Extensive numerical simulations were performed to investigate all stages of modulation instability development from the initial pulse of pico-second duration in photonic crystal fiber: quasi-solitons and dispersive waves formation, their interaction stage and the further propagation. Comparison between 4 different NLS-like systems was made: the classical NLS equation, NLS system plus higher dispersion terms, NLS plus higher dispersion and self-steepening and also fully generalized NLS equation with Raman scattering taken into account. For the latter case a mechanism of energy transfer from smaller quasi-solitons to the bigger ones is proposed to explain the dramatical increase of rogue waves appearance frequency in comparison to the systems when the Raman scattering is not taken into account.Comment: 9 pages, 54 figure

Living IoT: A Flying Wireless Platform on Live Insects

Sensor networks with devices capable of moving could enable applications ranging from precision irrigation to environmental sensing. Using mechanical drones to move sensors, however, severely limits operation time since flight time is limited by the energy density of current battery technology. We explore an alternative, biology-based solution: integrate sensing, computing and communication functionalities onto live flying insects to create a mobile IoT platform. Such an approach takes advantage of these tiny, highly efficient biological insects which are ubiquitous in many outdoor ecosystems, to essentially provide mobility for free. Doing so however requires addressing key technical challenges of power, size, weight and self-localization in order for the insects to perform location-dependent sensing operations as they carry our IoT payload through the environment. We develop and deploy our platform on bumblebees which includes backscatter communication, low-power self-localization hardware, sensors, and a power source. We show that our platform is capable of sensing, backscattering data at 1 kbps when the insects are back at the hive, and localizing itself up to distances of 80 m from the access points, all within a total weight budget of 102 mg.Comment: Co-primary authors: Vikram Iyer, Rajalakshmi Nandakumar, Anran Wang, In Proceedings of Mobicom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15 pages, 201

A categorical foundation for Bayesian probability

Given two measurable spaces $H$ and $D$ with countably generated $\sigma$-algebras, a perfect prior probability measure $P_H$ on $H$ and a sampling distribution $S: H \rightarrow D$, there is a corresponding inference map $I: D \rightarrow H$ which is unique up to a set of measure zero. Thus, given a data measurement $\mu: 1 \rightarrow D$, a posterior probability $\widehat{P_H}= I \circ \mu$ can be computed. This procedure is iterative: with each updated probability $P_H$, we obtain a new joint distribution which in turn yields a new inference map $I$ and the process repeats with each additional measurement. The main result uses an existence theorem for regular conditional probabilities by Faden, which holds in more generality than the setting of Polish spaces. This less stringent setting then allows for non-trivial decision rules (Eilenberg--Moore algebras) on finite (as well as non finite) spaces, and also provides for a common framework for decision theory and Bayesian probability.Comment: 15 pages; revised setting to more clearly explain how to incorporate perfect measures and the Giry monad; to appear in Applied Categorical Structure

The structures of Hausdorff metric in non-Archimedean spaces

For non-Archimedean spaces $X$ and $Y,$ let $\mathcal{M}_{\flat } (X), \mathfrak{M}(V \rightarrow W)$ and $\mathfrak{D}_{\flat }(X, Y)$ be the ballean of $X$ (the family of the balls in $X$), the space of mappings from $X$ to $Y,$ and the space of mappings from the ballen of $X$ to $Y,$ respectively. By studying explicitly the Hausdorff metric structures related to these spaces, we construct several families of new metric structures (e.g., $\widehat{\rho } _{u}, \widehat{\beta }_{X, Y}^{\lambda }, \widehat{\beta }_{X, Y}^{\ast \lambda }$) on the corresponding spaces, and study their convergence, structural relation, law of variation in the variable $\lambda,$ including some normed algebra structure. To some extent, the class $\widehat{\beta }_{X, Y}^{\lambda }$ is a counterpart of the usual Levy-Prohorov metric in the probability measure spaces, but it behaves very differently, and is interesting in itself. Moreover, when $X$ is compact and $Y = K$ is a complete non-Archimedean field, we construct and study a Dudly type metric of the space of $K-$valued measures on $X.$Comment: 43 pages; this is the final version. Thanks to the anonymous referee's helpful comments, the original Theorem 2.10 is removed, Proposition 2.10 is stated now in a stronger form, the abstact is rewritten, the Monna-Springer is used in Section 5, and Theorem 5.2 is written in a more general for