Mass Housing Neighbourhoods and Urban Commons

The neglect of significance, deterioration and consequent devaluation of the post-war mass housing neighbourhoods are major challenges, both in the field of heritage conservation and management and in urban planning and design. The reasons for their deterioration are different, and interlinked with the socio-cultural discourse, as well as the spatial characteristics of these neighbourhoods. This doctoral research addresses the challenges of those neighbourhoods, focusing on New Belgrade Blocks, as one of the largest modernist post-war mass housing areas in Europe. The case is particularly important for the discourse on mass housing and ‘ordinary’ heritage management, as it encapsulates concepts, policies and practices developed in Yugoslavia, which are relevant to the contemporary discussions on community-driven approaches for urban planning and governance and participation in heritage studies. The doctoral thesis presents this legacy and reveals causalities and relations of spatial and socio-political aspects, policies, but also planning and design principles. Furthermore, it empirically studies and evaluates the blocks in the contemporary context, with the society (involving citizens), and within the current legal and organisational conditions. Eventually, it develops a framework for enhancement of the blocks, addressing the current and future societal and users’ needs, while preserving the identity and values of the blocks. The doctoral thesis provides different findings and perspectives, contributing to the current knowledge on integrated conservation, urban planning and governance of urban heritage, and in particular mass housing neighbourhoods. It shows co- dependence of those fields and offers an integrative and cross-disciplinary approach

Unforeseen Impulses of Modernism: The Case of New Belgrade Blocks

Obsolescence and urban decay are usual attributes of the Modern Movement buildings and areas worldwide, especially of the post-war large-scale housing settlements. Therefore, the question of reuse and improvement guidelines for these settlements is becoming increasingly important. The paper addresses this issue, taking New Belgrade housing blocks as a case study. The current condition of the New Belgrade blocks that, indeed, can be characterised as obsolete and not adequately maintained, even degraded, is nevertheless a perfect platform for reading of the architecture and the space values, and how it was changing during the time. The study aim was reading the unforeseen impulses of modernism: identification and mapping of socio-spatial relations in environment (reactions on and interventions in space that were generated during the time), reading and interpreting them as impulses of the user behaviours and lifestyles, and further proposing future transformation tactics using the mapped elements and principles. The research framework was a workshop-seminar organized by the authors at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. Using this research tactic, the particular elements and spaces within the blocks were mapped, identified, classified and systematized according to their flexibility to react and accept contemporary impulses of life. The study reveals common spaces of the New Belgrade blocks, or spaces between private and public, as the key elements in managing the urban decay and prompting adaptation, and hence investigates on the potential of their adaptive reuse initiating transformation of the whole area, and further achieving its attractiveness, openness and better accessibility

Unforeseen Impulses of Modernism: The Case of New Belgrade Blocks

Obsolescence and urban decay are usual attributes of the Modern Movement buildings and areas worldwide, especially of the post-war large-scale housing settlements. Therefore, the question of reuse and improvement guidelines for these settlements is becoming increasingly important. The paper addresses this issue, taking New Belgrade housing blocks as a case study. The current condition of the New Belgrade blocks that, indeed, can be characterised as obsolete and not adequately maintained, even degraded, is nevertheless a perfect platform for reading of the architecture and the space values, and how it was changing during the time. The study aim was reading the unforeseen impulses of modernism: identification and mapping of socio-spatial relations in environment (reactions on and interventions in space that were generated during the time), reading and interpreting them as impulses of the user behaviours and lifestyles, and further proposing future transformation tactics using the mapped elements and principles. The research framework was a workshop-seminar organized by the authors at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. Using this research tactic, the particular elements and spaces within the blocks were mapped, identified, classified and systematized according to their flexibility to react and accept contemporary impulses of life. The study reveals common spaces of the New Belgrade blocks, or spaces between private and public, as the key elements in managing the urban decay and prompting adaptation, and hence investigates on the potential of their adaptive reuse initiating transformation of the whole area, and further achieving its attractiveness, openness and better accessibility

Behavioural effects of Advanced Cruise Control Use

 In this study, a meta-analytic approach was used to analyse effects of Advanced Cruise Control (ACC) on driving behaviour reported in seven driving simulator studies. The effects of ACC on three consistent outcome measures, namely, driving speed, headway and driver workload have been analysed. The indicators of speed, headway and workload have been chosen because they are assumed to be directly affected by the ACC support, their relationship with road safety is reasonably established and they are the most frequently used outcome measures in the sample of analysed studies. The results suggest that different operational settings of ACC that are important for the level of support provided by the system, are significant for the effects ACC have on various aspects of driving behaviour, i.e. on mean driving speed and mean time headway. The obtained effect sizes clustered in two groups, with more intervening ACCs having the effects of an increased driving speed and decreased mean time headway. These results are further discussed in the context of road safety, especially in the context of behavioural adaptation

REUSE OF COMMON SPACE AS A TACTIC FOR MASS HOUSING REVITALIZATION

Urban decay and obsolescence of post-war mass housing is a global phenomenon. Although the reasons for housing deterioration are different, the altered relationship between public and private spaces is essential for the mass housing. The research hypothesizes that strong polarisation of the urban landscape into private and public is firmly influencing urban decay and obsolescence of post-war mass housing neighbourhoods. Taking New Belgrade blocks as the case study, the research investigates this correlation, following the gradual transformation of the urban landscape of modernity in parallel with different factors. Moreover, the research sheds light on the specific Yugoslav housing policy and developed collective self-management of the urban commons from the time of construction. Although these strategies have been neglected over the time, they are valuable for contemporary, increasing discussions on community-driven approaches for comprehending and managing change in urban environment, specifically for residential neighbourhoods. Furthermore, the research is analysing different contemporary strategies and community practices that are reinventing the public-private relationship in the context of mass housing, contributing to the development of a methodology for mitigating obsolescence and causes of housing deterioration. The methodology is revitalizing the important value of common spaces and the role of community and is reusing the modernist idea of co-creation, contributing to inheritance of the modernist concepts. Moreover, if applied, it would increase liveability of urban space and well-being of its residents, contributing to transformation strategies for adaptation to current needs, and therefore ensuring vitality of mass housing as a core typology of the Modern Movement

Crop residues as fuels for small scale heat generation in Serbia - potential, issues and perspectives

Crop residues represent significant source of renewable energy in agricultural regions and their energetic utilization could contribute to decreased energy dependence on fossil fuels, increased utilization of local, low-cost fuels, facilitate sustainable development of rural communities, improve air quality and decrease negative environmental impact of energy sector. Total potential of biomass in Serbia amounts to 12.5 million tons a year, and in Vojvodina (northern Province) 9 million tons or 72%. Within than, crop husbandry in AP Vojvodina generates more than 6 million tons of biomass waste every year. Most common crop residues in Serbia are wastes from cereal cultivation, such as wheat straw, corn stover and corn cobs, soy straw, etc., corn being the most cultivated crop. Despite their significant energetic potential, combustion of crop residues is associated with several issues, such as increased gaseous and particulate emissions, ash sintering/melting, fouling in the combustion chamber, etc. By applying discussed primary and secondary measures for increasing combustion efficiency and reduce emissions, crop residues can be utilized as fuels for small scale heat generation in agricultural regions

MoMove Modern Movement and Industrial Heritage

Documentation, digitalization and dissemination of knowledge about buildings and sites of Modern Movement, and in particular industrial heritage, have been in the focus of this year´s MoMove publication. The publication is a collection of the students´ exhibits, developed by the students of the Master’s programs of Integrated Architectural Design (MIAD) and Integrated Design (MID) in the academic year 2021/22, within the Conference and Communication (ConCom) course at the Detmold School of Architecture and Interior Architecture (TH OWL), and as a part of the 19th Docomomo Germany Conference 2022, Zeche Zollverein, Essen. As a co-organizer of the Docomomo Germany Conferences since 2019, the Detmold School was able to connect research and educational projects to the events, often exploring novel forms of ideation, documentation, design and dissemination. This publication complements MoMove publication developed in the academic year 2020/21 on the Modern Movement and Infrastructure theme (Pottgiesser et al., 2021). The students´ exhibits presented in this publication showcase and apply current digital visualization and communication technologies, such as: websites, apps, films, as well as applications of 360-degree images, virtual reality and gamification. They exploit the creative and novel digital potentials for the safeguard of the recent built heritage: preservation through VR and 3D-models (e.g. Mumbai Textile Mills, Mechanical systems), commemorating (e.g. Zollverein Game and Solar Power Plant Revival), community engagement and data accessibility (e.g. Digitalization of the Heritage Buildings with Photogrammetry and Industrial Heritage Quartet). Moreover, the exhibits demonstrate the students’ reflections and concerns towards the future design and reuse of the industrial heritage, buildings and sites, inspired by the lessons learnt from Modern Movement, addressing the topics such as: redevelopment and sustainable renovation (e.g. Sustainable refurbishment of Sanaa-Cube and Adaptive reuse of Zollverein), embedded energy (e.g. Zollverein Salt Factory), sustainable materials and energy efficiency, biodiversity and landscape (e.g. Biodiversity at Zollverein), aesthetics and building analysis (e.g. Fagus Werk and Zollverein Aesthetics). The contributions aimed to create new content for the Docomomo virtual exhibition – MoMove, developed by Docomomo International in 2015 (http://exhibition. docomomo.com/) with the goal of fostering its role as an international platform making the knowledge and information about the architectural heritage of the Modern Movement available online. We hope to inspire you as a reader and visitor

Effects of short sprint interval training on aerobic and anaerobic indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The effects of short sprint interval training (sSIT) with efforts of ≤10 s on maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), aerobic and anaerobic performances remain unknown. To verify the effectiveness of sSIT in physically active adults and athletes, a systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched on May 9, 2020, and updated on September 14, 2021. Inclusion criteria were based on PICO and included healthy athletes and active adults of any sex (≤40 years), performing supervised sSIT (≤10 s of “all-out” and non-“all-out” efforts) of at least 2 weeks, with a minimum of 6 sessions. As a comparator, a non-sSIT control group, another high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or a continuous training (CT) group were required. A total of 18 studies were deemed eligible. The estimated SMDs based on the random-effects model were −0.56 (95% CI: −0.79, −0.33, p  0.05) for all outcomes when comparing sSIT vs. HIIT/CT. Our findings indicate a very high effectiveness of sSIT protocols in different exercise modes (e.g., cycling, running, paddling, and punching) to improve V̇O2max, aerobic, and anaerobic performances in physically active young healthy adults and athletes