Nestabilnost kromosomskog broja u prirodnih heptaploida Leucanthemum vrsta

The natural heptaploid of Leucanthemum (2n = l7x) = 63) has been found for the first time in Yugoslavia (on the mountain of Treskavica, at Vratlo, 1700 m above sea level). This is a hybrid derived from the octo- ploid L. montanum var. heterophyllum (2n = (8x) = 72) and the hexaploid L. chloroticum (2n = (6x) = 54). Since the population includes aneuploids with 2 to 10 B chromosomes or without them, the chromosome numbers vary considerably, both from plant to plant and from cell to cell.U ovom radu opisan je prvi put prirodni Leucanthemum-heptaploid 2n = (7x) =63, nađen u Jugoslaviji. Ovaj heptaploidni oblik nađen je samo u jednoj populaciji, kojoj se stanište nalazi na vapnenačkom siparu u asocijaciji Drypetum lineanae, na planini Treskavica blizu vrha Vratio, 1700 m nad morem. Rezultati istraživanja citologije i morfologije u osam biljaka pokazuju da su one heptaploidi, a također i križanci, nastali od oktoploiđne visoko- planinske vrste L. montanum var. heterophyllum (Will.) Briq. et Cav. (2n = (8x) = 72) i heksaploidne vrste L. chloroticum Kerner et Murbeck, koja je došla s obalnih planina. Ovi Leucanthemum-heptaploidi također su i aneuploidi, kod kojih broj kromosoma veoma varira, kako između biljaka tako i u samim biljkama u istom tkivu od stanice do stanice. Osim toga u nekim biljkama može se pretpostaviti postojanje B-kromosoma čiji broj također varira (tabela 1, tabla I: slike 1, 2, 3 i 4). Usprkos tako velikoj kromosomskoj nestabilnosti, kao što je neparna poliplođija (7x), aneuplodija i B-kromosomi, biljke nisu bile sterilne. Istraživani primjerci davali su povremeno fertilno sjeme, ali su veoma rijetko cvali: 1—2 puta u četiri godine. Vjerojatno se ova populacija održava više putem vegetativnog razmnožavanja, stvarajući vriježama nove biljke, a manje spolno, ali tada dajući nove kombinacije aneuploida i B-kromosoma

Leucanthemum illyricum (Horvatić) Papeš, comb. nov. et stat. nov.

L. illyricum (Horvatic Papes, 2n = (8x) = 72 (+ 1 — 2B), (8x — 2) = = 70 (+ 1—2B), (8x — 1) = 71 (+ 1—9B), (8x + 1) = 73 (+ 8B); and 2n = (4x) = 36, is proposed as a species. It has been promoted from the variety L. croaticum var. illyricum Horvatić. Its area includes that of a taxon which was treated as L. montanum var. adustum (Koch) Briq. et Cav. in Yugoslavia. L. illyricum is an endemic growing on high mountains of the central part of Yugoslavia at altitudes over 1500 m. The habitats of its populations are mainly untouched; they are limestone cracks in the alpine zone above the wood border (Fig. 1 and Table 1). L. illyricum could be distinguished from the two previously mentioned taxa by phytogeographic (Fig. 1), ecological (Table 1), morphological (Fig. 2, 6) and cytotaxonomic data (chromosome numbers and morphology: Fig. 3, 4, 5,

Pentaploidi u populacijama različitih vrsta roda Leucanthemum

Among 463 investigated plants from 95 populations of the genus Leucanthemum 35 plants were pentaploids (2n = (5x) =45). Most of them grow in populations where hexaploids (6x) predominate, but a few tetraploids (4x) have also been found (L. vulgare subsp. ampltfolium Fiori and L. croaticum var. croaticum Horvatic). In two populations of L. mon- tanum var. heterophyllum (Willd.) Briqu. et. Cav. pentaploids grow only among octoploids (8x). The origin of the Leucanthemum pentaploids is discussed.Od 463 istražene biljke iz 95 populacija vrsta roda Leucathemum 35 biljaka bilo je pentaploidno s 2n = (5x) =45. Većina pentaploida nađena je u populacijama gdje su prevladavali heksaploidi; u istim populacijama također je nađeno i nekoliko tetraploida. Takav slučaj uočen je u populacijama s vrstama L. vulgare subsp. amplijolium Fiori i L. croaticum var. croaticum Horvatić. U dvije populacije L. montanum var. hetero- phyllum (Willd.) Briqu. et Cav. pentaploidi su rasli isključivo između oktoploidnih ivančica. Svi Lewcantheumum-pentaploidi, iako su rasli u različitim populacijama i bili pripadnici različitih vrsta, imali su mnogo zajedničkih karakteristika. Po morfološkim karakteristikama pentaploidi se nisu razlikovali od ostalih ivančica u istoj populaciji. Konstatacija da pripadnici jedne vrste u jednoj populaciji s različitim brojem kromosoma, odnosno s različitim stupnjem ploidije (kao npr. 4x, 5x i 6x u jednoj populaciji i 5x i 8x u drugoj) čija se izvanja morfologija međusobno ne razlikuje, upućuje na to da je nemoguće klasificirati vrste isključivo na temelju kromosomskog broja, a isto tako zaključivati o broju kromosoma na osnovi samo jednog brojenja

Classical and molecular cytogenetic studies of top onion, Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrader

Top, tree or Egyptian onion, Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrader, 2n=2x=16, is a minor, vegetatively propagated garden crop in Europe, North America and North East Asia. Several clones of the top onion were found to be locally cultivated in the region of South Croatia under the name “Ljutika-talijanka”. One of these, clone Biorina, was studied by means of both classical cytogenetic techniques (karyotyping and meiosis) as well as molecular techniques (genomic in situ hybridization, GISH and flow cytometry). Analysis of a Feulgen stained karyotype revealed its pseudodiploid structure, since among 16 chromosomes no homologous pairs could be detected. A high frequency of heteromorphic bivalents, followed by univalents and a rare occurrence of multivalents, was recorded in meiosis in the pollen mother cells. Although bivalents with random chiasmata prevailed, we observed occasional occurrence of the bivalents with localized chiasmata. All pollen degenerates at the one-nucleate stage, resulting in complete pollen sterility. Using GISH, we identified the parental origin of all 16 chromosomes and confirmed the hybrid status of the analyzed clone: 8 longer chromosomes originated from the Allium cepa L. parent, whereas 8 shorter chromosomes originated from the Allium fis- tulosum L. parent. The investigated clone had an intermediate amount of DNA (26.98 pg DNA/2C) as compared to its parent species, A. cepa (31.95 pg DNA/2C) and A. fistulosum (21.62 pg DNA/2C)

Classical and molecular cytogenetic studies of top onion, Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrader

Top, tree or Egyptian onion, Allium x proliferum (Moench) Schrader, 2n=2x=16, is a minor, vegetatively propagated garden crop in Europe, North America and North East Asia. Several clones of the top onion were found to be locally cultivated in the region of South Croatia under the name “Ljutika-talijanka”. One of these, clone Biorina, was studied by means of both classical cytogenetic techniques (karyotyping and meiosis) as well as molecular techniques (genomic in situ hybridization, GISH and flow cytometry). Analysis of a Feulgen stained karyotype revealed its pseudodiploid structure, since among 16 chromosomes no homologous pairs could be detected. A high frequency of heteromorphic bivalents, followed by univalents and a rare occurrence of multivalents, was recorded in meiosis in the pollen mother cells. Although bivalents with random chiasmata prevailed, we observed occasional occurrence of the bivalents with localized chiasmata. All pollen degenerates at the one-nucleate stage, resulting in complete pollen sterility. Using GISH, we identified the parental origin of all 16 chromosomes and confirmed the hybrid status of the analyzed clone: 8 longer chromosomes originated from the Allium cepa L. parent, whereas 8 shorter chromosomes originated from the Allium fis- tulosum L. parent. The investigated clone had an intermediate amount of DNA (26.98 pg DNA/2C) as compared to its parent species, A. cepa (31.95 pg DNA/2C) and A. fistulosum (21.62 pg DNA/2C)

Tetraploidne populacije vrste Hordeum bulbosum L. u Jugoslaviji

Hordeum bulbosum L., according to our results, occurs as tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) along the Adriatic coast, in Serbia and Macedonia (Fig. 1). A comparison of Feulgen karyotypes (Fig. 2) and the C-banding pattern of all the populations examined (Table 1) shows a very small variation. It is most likely that there is a close relationship among them.Višegodišnji ječam (Hordeum bulbosum L.) s lukovičasto zadebljalom stabljikom predstavlja submediteranski florni element. U Jugoslaviji dolazi u primorskom području, teritoriju istočne Srbije i na velikom području istočne i južne Makedonije. Primjerci svih ispitivanih populacija predstavljaju tetraploide (2n = 4x = 28). Kariološka ispitivanja obuhvatila su morfološku i strukturnu analizu somatskih kromosoma te parenje kromosoma u mejozi. Usporedbom kariotipova nisu zamijećene bitne razlike između populacija kao ni unutar pojedine populacije. Kromosomi su slične morfologije svrstani u sedam grupa (po četiri u svakoj). Prema položaju centromera klasificirani su kao metasubmetacentrični (tri grupe), submetacentrični (tri grupe) i submetacentrični sa sekundarnom konstrikcijom (jedna grupa). Analiza distribucije konstitutivnog heterokiromatina podudara se s morfološkom analizom. U mejozi kromosomi se sparuju uglavnom u kvadrivalente, rjeđe trivalente, bivalente i univalente, a javljaju se i veće konfiguracije od kvadri val enata. Usporedba rezultata kariološke analize dopušta pretpostavku da su u evoluciji današnjeg tetraploidnog oblika vrste Hordeum bulbosum vjerojatno bili uključeni mehanizmi autotetraploidizacije, djelomične alo- tetraploidizacije te strukturnih promjena prisutnih i danas. Snažno vegetativno razmnožavanje uz postojanje visoke fertilnosti polena (preko 90%) te lako prilagođivanje različitim ekološkim faktorima ukazuju na to da je tetraploid Hordeum bulbosum vrsta koja »osvaja« nove ekotipove

Citogenetička istraživanja pet populacija vrste Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (Alliaceae) s područja Dalmacije

The Mediterranean populations of the species Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. are well investigated, and results of these investigations have shown that it is most frequently diploid with 2n=18, and rarely 2n=19, 19+1B, 27 or 36. A literature search showed that the populations from Dalmatia mentioned have not been karyologically explored. In this work we present cytogenetic investigations of the species Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. collected from five localities in central Dalmatia.Mediteranske populacije vrste Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. vrlo dobro su istražene. Rezultati njihovih istraživanja pokazuju da su većinom diploidi s 2n=18, a rjeđe 2n=19, 19+1B, 27 ili 36. Pregledom literaturnih podataka ustanovljeno je da navedena vrsta s područja Dalmacije nije kariološki analizirana. U ovom radu navedeni su rezultati citogenetičkih analiza biljaka vrste Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. sakupljenih na pet lokaliteta središnje Dalmacije

Tetraploidne populacije vrste Hordeum bulbosum L. u Jugoslaviji

Hordeum bulbosum L., according to our results, occurs as tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) along the Adriatic coast, in Serbia and Macedonia (Fig. 1). A comparison of Feulgen karyotypes (Fig. 2) and the C-banding pattern of all the populations examined (Table 1) shows a very small variation. It is most likely that there is a close relationship among them.Višegodišnji ječam (Hordeum bulbosum L.) s lukovičasto zadebljalom stabljikom predstavlja submediteranski florni element. U Jugoslaviji dolazi u primorskom području, teritoriju istočne Srbije i na velikom području istočne i južne Makedonije. Primjerci svih ispitivanih populacija predstavljaju tetraploide (2n = 4x = 28). Kariološka ispitivanja obuhvatila su morfološku i strukturnu analizu somatskih kromosoma te parenje kromosoma u mejozi. Usporedbom kariotipova nisu zamijećene bitne razlike između populacija kao ni unutar pojedine populacije. Kromosomi su slične morfologije svrstani u sedam grupa (po četiri u svakoj). Prema položaju centromera klasificirani su kao metasubmetacentrični (tri grupe), submetacentrični (tri grupe) i submetacentrični sa sekundarnom konstrikcijom (jedna grupa). Analiza distribucije konstitutivnog heterokiromatina podudara se s morfološkom analizom. U mejozi kromosomi se sparuju uglavnom u kvadrivalente, rjeđe trivalente, bivalente i univalente, a javljaju se i veće konfiguracije od kvadri val enata. Usporedba rezultata kariološke analize dopušta pretpostavku da su u evoluciji današnjeg tetraploidnog oblika vrste Hordeum bulbosum vjerojatno bili uključeni mehanizmi autotetraploidizacije, djelomične alo- tetraploidizacije te strukturnih promjena prisutnih i danas. Snažno vegetativno razmnožavanje uz postojanje visoke fertilnosti polena (preko 90%) te lako prilagođivanje različitim ekološkim faktorima ukazuju na to da je tetraploid Hordeum bulbosum vrsta koja »osvaja« nove ekotipove

Allium-test — odgovor na djelovanje cijanazina

The effects of cyanazine on mitosis in Allium ce pa L. can be grouped as mitotic and chromosomal effects. Mitotic effects induced by delay in spindle formation were produced immediately after 3 hours treatments in all the concentrations. The mitodepressive activities persisted in two highest concentrations (10-2 M and 10-3 M) only, whereas in solution of cyanazine intermediate concentrations (10-4 — 10-8 M) mitotic activity increased even more than in the control. Chromosomal effects such as laggards, bridges, fragments, fragmentations and micronuclei were noticed after a 3-hours treatment but they were more intensively after 24- or 120-hours treatments in all the concentrations. Stickiness was very frequent and accompanied all the instabilities. Comparison of these two effects shows that mitotic activity was parallel to the frequency of total changes in higher and intermediate concentrations. Recovery from the cyanazine effects, after one day in water, caused normalization of mitotic activity, but a higher frequency of chromosome aberration continued in all the treated materials, depending on the concentration. We can conclude that there i no reversibility of cyanazine effects.Upotrebom Allium-testa ispitan je citogenetski odgovor na djelovanje triazinskog herbicida cijanazina u raznim vremenskim intervalima (3, 24 i 120 sati) kao i u otopinama raznih koncentracija (od 10-2 do 10-8 M), te nakon 24 sata oporavka u vodovodnoj vodi. U svrhu dobivanja traženog odgovora u tretiranom i kontrolnom materijalu, tj. u stanicama meristema korijena isklijalih lukovica crvenog luka (Allium čepa L.) vršena je analiza različitih tipova citogenetskih promjena, kao i komparacija mitotske aktivnosti i učestalosti sveukupnih kromosomskih aberacija. Utvrđeno je da u višim (10-2, 10-3 i 10-4) i srednjim (10-5 i 10-6 M) koncentracijama mitotsku aktivnost paralelno prati učestalost sveukupnih kromosomskih poremećaja, dok je u nižim koncentracijama (10-7 i 10-8 M) mitotska aktivnost bila slična kontroli. Mitodepresivno djelovanje cijanazina zadržalo se samo u najvišim koncentracijama, a u otopinama srednjih koncentracija njegovo djelovanje bilo je stimulativno i mitoza je bila učestalija od kontrole. Oštećenja genetičkog materijala, evidentirana kromosomskim aberacijama, javljala su se u otopinama svih koncentracija, kao i u svim vremenskim periodima, a također su se ovisno o koncentracijama održala i nakon 24 sata oporavka u vodovodnoj vodi. Rezultati provedenog Allium-testa pokazuju da cijanazin nesumljivo inducira oštećenja genetičkog materijala te da dio citogenetičkog učinka može nadživjeti eliminacijsku staničnu selekciju pošto se oštećenje vjerojatno ugradilo u molekulu DNA test organizma luka (Allium cepa L.)

Professor Zvonimir Devide — On the Occasion of his 65th Anniversary

Zvonimir Dévidé, Ph. D. habil., Professor of cell biology and plant physiology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of the University of Zagreb, was born on 6.8.1921 in Lenart, Slovenske Gorice (North-eastern Slovenia). Having completed his studies at the Philosophical Faculty in Zagreb and in Vienna (where his academic advisor was prof. dr. Lothar Geitler) he started to work in 1948 as asistant in the Botanic Institute of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of the University of Zagreb. In 1961 he became asistant professor, in 1970 professor and in 1981 head of the Botanical Institute and Botanical garden. In 1953 he was awarded a scholarship of the British Council and worked with Prof. C. D. Darlington in Hertford. In 1954 he organized the Laboratory for electron microscopy at the »Ruder Boskovic« Institute which he supervised until 1973. In the same year he was elected as axtraordinary member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. In 1976 he was awarded the »Ruder Boskovic« prize for his achievments in the field of science. In 1980 he was nominated scientific counsellor of the »Ruder Boskovic« Institute. In 1981 he became an active member of the New York Academy of Sciences. Prof, Dévidé is a member of many scientific societies as well as organizer and active participant of numerous scientific meetings. During the last few years his activities are particularly remarkable with respect to his decisive attitudes concerning the protection of nature and of human environment. He has educated a great number of students, the best of them working at present within the scope of modern specialisations such as cell biology (cytogenetical research, plant tumor research, electron-microscopic research of plant cells ultrastructure, especially of plastides etc.) and plant physiology (physiology of plant development, biochemical research of plants, plant tissue culture, physiology and culture of algae and others). His research is very extensive. He has investigated cell structure of large forms of colourless sulphur bacteria on the basis of his own new methods of cultivation, and has stated that DNA is not connected with microscopically perceptible basophilic bodies which he showed to be a product of cell metabolism. He has proved through kariological research of ciliates the true nature of chromosomes in meiosis and has explained the until then inexplicable mitosis of micronucleus, thus creating the basis for the interpretation of endomitotic poliploidy of the macronucleus. He also initiated research on growth and differentiation of plant cells and tissues in vitro with particular regard to changes of kariotype and degrees of polyploidy. He has participated in elaboration of new methods in electron-microscopy, investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on development of plastides and the effects of various factors on plastides and mitochondria including their ultrastructure. Plastide differentiation and reversibility of plastid transformations have been of focal interest to him. He also introduced physiological investigations of duck-weeds. He is also noted for his research on optical analyses of shine and colours of plant organs (leaves and fruits), he participated as well in biochemical research of flower-plants and has written some floristic notes. Of particular interest is his translation of the General part of the 31st edition of Strasburger’s Textbook of botany for high schools (1982). He has also written chapter VIII of the book by B. Varićak: Mikroskop (1956) which has been reprinted several times. Prof. Dévidé has also received an education in music. He has been an active violinist and violist in the String Orchestra of Crotian Musical Institution for 32 years, taking part in about 300 concerts, several times as a soloist. He is a member of the presidency of Croatian Musical Institution and chairman of it’s Section for viola and viola music. Prof. Dévidé is an outstanding teacher both of students and the general public. He has played an important role in the education of new research and was for 20 years the head of postgraduate studies in biology. He is well-known as an outstanding scientist and one of the top biologists. His outstanding achievments and personality will certainly be remembered for many years. We wish him good health and may he have the energy to share with us his interest and curiosity for scientific research