Variations of lobes and fissures in human fetal lung: a cadaveric study

The human lungs are divided by fissures into lobes, which facilitate movements of lobes in relation to one another. Anatomical variations of lungs including number, fissures and lobes are at utmost important. The study was done to note the morphological variation of the fissures and lobes in fetal lungs. 62 human fetuses from 12 weeks to 40 weeks of gestational age were collected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinic Hospital , after getting formal permission from the concern authority/ persons and the Institutional Ethics Committee. After fixation in 10% formalin, fetuses were dissected and both lungs were removed for examinations. On the right side, 8 specimens showed incomplete oblique fissure, 39 specimens showed incomplete horizontal fissure, 1 specimen showed absence of horizontal fissure and 9 specimens showed superior accessory fissure. On the left side, 5 specimens showed incomplete oblique fissure and the left minor fissure was seen in 8 specimens. Knowledge of lobes and fissures in a particular population might help the clinician during diagnosis and partial resection of lungs. This may reduce morbidity and mortality associated with lung disease

Morphological characteristics of the anterior cerebral artery

Cerebral circulation, especially arterial, in recent decades has attracted the interest of anatomists and clinicians. The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) arises from the termination of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, and supplies blood to the medial regions of the frontal and parietal cortex, corpus callosum and falx cerebri. The ACA is usually divided into 5 segments. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and topographic characteristics of the A1 or precommunicating segment of the ACA. The investigations of anatomical characteristics of the A1 segment of ACA was made on 133 human brains without cerebrovascular pathology, from both sexes at age from 23 to 68. Brains were fixed in a 10% solution of formaldehyde, and the obtained material was analyzed using a stereoscopic light microscope. The length of the A1 segment of ACA was in range from 6.8 to 20.8 mm, with mean value of 13.9 mm on the left side and from 7.4 to 21.8 mm, with mean value of 14.6 mm on the right side. The diameter of A1 segment of ACA on the left side was in range from 1.1 to 3 mm, with a mean value of 2.2 mm. The diameter of A1 segment of ACA on the right side was in range from 0.6 to 3.1 mm, with a mean value of 2.0 mm. Hypoplastic caliber of A1 segment of the ACA was noticed in 8% and in 0.5% duplication of the A1 segment of the ACA was registered. Detailed anatomical knowledge of the A1 segment of ACA is important when considering vascular surgery in the area of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis, since is the most common site of intracranial aneurysm formation

Anatomical Features and Clinical Importance of the Vertebral Artery

Abstract The vertebral artery and its branches are target of arteriographic investigations, ultrasound and Doppler visualization, MRI and CT imaging in many contemporary diagnostic procedures. The big horizon of procedures in the interventional and diagnostic radiology, orthopedic and surgery opens new avenues for the study of anatomy and especially variations of the vertebral artery and its branches. The aim of the present report is to give a summary of the vertebral artery anatomy as well as its variations, and to emphasize there clinical importance

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINAL CANAL ON MRI

Abstract Two useful numerical values, called the Torg ratio and the spinal canal diameter (SC diameter) are widely accepted as reliable morphometric determinants of spinal stenosis. The aims of the study were to examine morphometric determinants of the cervical spinal canal on MRI in both sexes and analyse them as reliable indicators of spinal stenosis. Measurements were made on 50 MR images (sagittal T 2 weighted images from C3 to C7) of the cervical spine of patients from the Emergency Centre who had undertaken MRI of the cervical spine in addition to CT for various diagnostic indications. Torg ratio, used in evaluation of the spinal canal stenosis on plain x-ray radiographs, cannot be used as a spinal canal stenosis indicator due to the gender differences in the vertebral bodies' width. Sagittal canal diameters were more spread out in males than in females. MRI enables the value of the space available for the spinal cord, (SAC) to be determined, by subtracting the sagittal diameter of the spinal cord from the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal. Not gender, but individual and level differences in the SAC values were evident (cervical cord enlargement). SAC values relied more on the spinal canal than on the spinal cord, so that the differences in the dimensions of the spinal cord accounted for less variability in the SAC values. MR imaging of the cervical spine provides more accurate cervical canal and spinal cord measurements that could serve as morphometric determinants of the cervical canal stenosis