Periodontitis in Dogs

People and dogs share much in common, including their susceptibility to diseases of the mouth, teeth and gums. Increasingly, the specialists are diagnosing canine periodontal diseases, which if left untreated, can result in severe diseases affecting major organs as the kidney, liver and heart. In this study, 21 dogs older than the age of 2 years, with periodontitis were evaluated. The following aspects were investigated: dental plaque, tartar presence, the gum examination (for evidence of bleeding, gingival inflammation, retraction or hyperplasia), breath smell, periodontal probing, furcation examination and the mobility of teeth. The premolars and incisors were the teeth the most frequently affected by the periodontal lesions. At all dogs dental plaque was evidenced by chromatic method (Ronddels Blue Kit), with the values of plaque index between 1 and 3 (the mean was 2,14). At the gum examination the most often lesions were: bleeding, gingival inflammation and gingival retraction. The periodontal probing showed that the mean pocket depth was 4,0 mm and approximately 57,14% of them had the depth of more than 3 mm. The deepest periodontal pockets were found in canine teeth. The mean occurrence of gingival bleeding after probing was 38,09 % and 71,42% from investigated dogs had a bad smelling breath. The furcation examination was found the alveolar bone loss in certain multirooted teeth. The dimensions of this space was measured with a periodontal calibrate probe. The mean percentage of severe furcation lesions was 19,04 % (60% of bone loss) and tooth mobility (in sagital, transversal or axial plane) was seen in 28,57% of the teeth . Finally, we had found that 33,33 % from examined dogs had incipient periodontitis, 38,09 % from them had moderate periodontitis and 28,56% were shown severe periodontitis. Acknowledgment. The experiments from this study were supported by PCE (IDEI) 444/2008

The Correlation between the Dynamic of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFU/mL and pH Value during the Shelf-Life of Yoghurt

The major objective of this study was following the dynamic of Streptococcus thermophilus CFU/mL and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFU/mL and pH during the shelf-life of yoghurt.The initial count of Streptococcus thermophilus in yoghurt was different from one source to another, but it had a range between 108 and 109 CFU/mL yoghurt. After 22 days of refrigeration, a decreasing number of Streptococcus thermophilus with up to 1 log (over 107CFU/mL) was revealed for all investigated samples. Also, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus count recorded a downward trend during the validity period of the product, corresponding concentrations drop by less a log.The pH value recorded small variations from a determination to another

The effect induced by changing of conditions of maintenance and exploitations of draft horses, over some blood parameters

Our study evaluates the effects of the changing of conditions of exploitations of draft horses, over some blood parameters. In this purpose were monitored 6 adult draft horses. Until the start of the experiment the horses were kept in home hibernal manure (800 m altitude). In spring the horses were transferred in the logging area. The tested parameters were evaluated four times. First (1st), evaluation was made immediately before the transfer of horses. The second evaluation (2nd) was made as soon as the horses arrived at the logging area (1000 m altitude). The third evaluation (3rd) was made after a week of intense work in logging area. The fourth evaluation (4th) was made after three weeks of intense work. Every evaluation blood samples were collected. RBC count, WBC count and N/L ratio were performed. The RBC values were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in 2nd(12.29 %), 3rd(7.66 %) and 4th(6.66 %) evaluations compared to 1st evaluation. This polycythemia represents an adaptive response to transport, hard work stress and altitude hypoxia. The WBC values were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in 2nd(28.5 %), 3rd(16.66 %) and 4th(14.52 %) evaluations compared to 1st evaluation. This leukocytosis seems to be an adaptive response to transportation and hard work stress. The N/L ration were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in 2nd(57.59 %), 3rd(51.30 %) and 4th(24.52 %) evaluations compared to 1st evaluation. According to these results, the horse transportation and logging work seems to be very stressful factors

Microbiological Evaluation of Imported Frozen Mussels and Locally Harvested Black Bea Mussels

Mussels are increasing in popularity and availability throughout the world, becoming a part of the international menu, in various forms, leading to a growing interest in their food safety profiling, which remains in the spotlight of current research.The microbiological quality of frozen mussels sold in retail stores was compared with that of locally harvested, fresh mussels.Samples of frozen, processed mussels and Black Sea mussels were analyzed in terms of coliforms and aerobic plate count (APC), according to the national standards for APC and coliforms’ enumeration method (SR ISO 4833/2003 and SR ISO 4832:2009, respectively). The results were statistically analyzed using univariate un-paired t tests. We considered p<0.05 to be statistically significant. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis.The aerobic plate counts were higher for processed, frozen mussels than for the samples of locally harvested Black Sea mussels. The difference is considered to be extremely statistically significant (p < 0.0001, t= 5.7465, DF=9). The coliforms’ counts were also higher for the frozen mussel samples, than for the samples of locally harvested Black Sea mussels, but the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.0641, t = 1.9724, DF=9).The overall results indicate that locally harvested Black Sea mussels are less contaminated than imported, processed, frozen mussels

EFFECT OF THE SYNTETIC IMMUNOMODULATOR ON PHAGOCYTOSIS FUNCTIONS

The immune-modulators’ group includes a compound named “AVR product”, which derives from ethanol-amine. The study conducted on swine evaluated its action on the phagocytosis function. Two animal batches were used – control lot (M) and experimental lot (E) to which AVR was administered. The average weight of the animals was 20 kilos. AVR was administered for 45 days, on a 45 mg/kg bodyweight dose. Evaluation of phagocytosis was carried out into 2 phases: at 30 and 45 days after the first inoculation of the product. The separation of the neutrophils polymorphonuclear phagocytes was accomplished by using the Percoll medium. The neutrophils population was evaluated in terms of movement capacity, endocytosis and the bactericide activity. The Boyden technique of migration into a filtering layer was used in order to evaluate the movement capacity. The endocytosis was tested by applying the carbon particle integration test. The bactericide activity was reported as opposed to a standardized strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The values obtained show a stimulation of the endocytosis capacity and bactericide activity on the animals which received AVR as opposed to those which haven’t

The effect of overpopulation on Neutrophile/Lymphocyte ratio and WBC values, in normal and Propranolol treated rats

Our study evaluate the effects of the overpopulation stress on some leucogram parameters in normal and Propranolol treated rats. In this purpose 18 adult Wistar rats were separated in standard cages, for 6 days, in 3 experimental groups,. The density of rats varies: Group I = 3 rats/cage; Group II = 6 rats/cage; Group III = 6 rats/cage. The rats belonging to the Group III were injected with Propranolol (5 mg/kg, s.c.). In the 6th day of the experiment blood samples were collected. The WBC count and N/L ratio were determined. The WBC values were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Group II, compared to Group I (6.77 %) and III (7.71%). This leukocytosis was an adaptive response to overpopulation stress. These results suggest that in this response is involved predominantly the sympatho-adrenal mechanism. The N/L ration were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in Group II, compared to Group I (16.94 %). This parameter was increased in Group II, compared to Group III (6.15%). But this increase was not significant, statistically speaking. According to our results the overpopulation in rat seems to be a very stressful factor. Given that Propranolol had a weak effect on N/L ratio, means that, in this case, the sympatho-adrenal mechanism is not the only involved mechanism

Study of bile tolerance of two Lactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from dental root canal and some probiotic Lactobacillus strains

In this paper we determined bovine and porcine bile tolerance of two Lactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from dental root canal: G1 and G2 compared to two probiotic strains: Lactobacillus salivarius probiotic and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Determination of bile tolerance was done with Minimum Inhibiting Concentration method (MIC). The bovine bile was better tolerated compared with porcine bile by all Lactobacillus investigated strains. Differences between strains regarding bile tolerance were observed. Lactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from dental root canal manifested small differences of bile tolerance, but alike the Lactobacillus salivarius probiotic strain.Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic strain manifested the highest degree of bile tolerance for both types of bile

Comparative Assessment of ELISA and HPLC for Ochratoxin A Detection in Pork Kidney Samples

Introduction: Ochratoxins are mycotoxins produced as metabolites by fungi, in particular Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi flourish under special conditions of temperature and humidity. Aims: The research in this paper was targeted on the optimization of ochratoxin A detection method for animal derived foods in a laboratory pending accreditation (laboratory A). ELISA and HPLC (adapted for animal derived foods) were subjected to a comparative assessment for OTA detection in kidney liver samples within laboratory A. Furthermore, the results were compared with those delivered by an accredited laboratory (B), using GC-MS for OTA detection. Materials and methods: Two pork kidney samples contaminated with OTA at levels close to MRL were subjected to OTA detection through ELISA (EuroProxima test kit) and HPLC (according to SR EN ISO 15141-1, adapted for animal derived foods) (5 repetitions) within Laboratory A. For precision and accuracy evaluation, the following parameters were calculated: average, interval, standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD), confidence interval (CI), standard error from mean, relative average deviation from mean (RADM), relative error, absolute error, repeatability (r). Furthermore, the percent of recovery was calculated for both tested methods using 31 OTA-free pork kidney samples, enriched with increasing concentrations of ochratoxin A. Results: The comparative assessment of the precision parameters indicates that HPLC adapted for animal derived foods is more appropriate than ELISA for OTA detection in such foods. The following results (in average) were obtained for ELISA and HPLC, respectively: SD=0.16 and 0.04, RSD=0.85 and 0.19, CI= ±0.2 (p<0.05) and ±0.05 (p<0.05), RADM=0.97‰ and 0.79‰, r=0.37 (p<0.05) and 0.13 (p<0.05). The errors calculated using the results delivered by the accredited laboratory were the following: absolute error = -5.01 and -1.06, for ELISA and HPLC, respectively; relative error = -0.2 and -0.043, for ELISA and HPLC, respectively. The average recovery percent was higher for HPLC (95.18%) than for ELISA (78.42%). Conclusion: Even though ELISA has been considered the preferred method for OTA detection in food and feed, as indicated by the scientific literature, being currently used in many accredited laboratories for OTA detection, these results reveal that HPLC adapted for animal derived foods is more indicated for OTA detection in such products, as it has more precise results and a better repeatability

The Influence of PH on The Growth of Some Lactobacillus Strains with Different Origins

In this work, influence of pH (the values ranged between 2,0 and 11,5) on growth of nine Lactobacillus strains was been investigated. A significant acid tolerance was observed in all Lactobacillus investigated strains. The values of DO600 registered an increase starting from pH values 3.5 or 4.0. The maximum DO600 values of the most strains were recorded in the pH values ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 except Lactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from the dental root canal that showed the maximum DO600 values at neutral pH. At the Lactobacillus strains isolated from the dental root canal, as for the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain and Lactobacillus salivarius B and D strains of oral origin a high degree of tolerance of alkaline pH was observed. These strains were able to multiply at pH values ≥ 10,5