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๊ด๊ด-๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฅ์์ค์ ์ด๋ฏผ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ: ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋น์ฃํ์ด (Viet Hai) ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ง๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ, 2020. 8. Edo Andriesse.The study examines local involvement in tourism activities and rural development in Viet Hai, a remote, rural commune of Vietnam. Rather than exploring community participation in tourism planning as other research, this thesis focuses on village engagement in tourism employment, in consideration of the process of rural development and rural transformation. Qualitative research methods were conducted, consisting of archival studies, direct participant observation at the village, and a total of 40 in-depth local interviews: 32 villagers, 3 local government officials, and 5 tourists. The fieldwork results reveal the following two main findings.
Firstly, in general, local community takes part in tourism activities in three different forms, namely direct involvement, indirect involvement and non-involvement. Although tourism has developed for almost 20 years, only a small number of local people and local households are considered as directly involved because they directly provide services for tourists such as accommodation and transportation. These directly involved households are members of a community-based tourism program (CBT) which was established to gather local tourism businesses together and encourage them to support each other. A majority of local people and local households in Viet Hai fall under indirect and non-involvement in tourism activities which reflects the low engagement in tourism employment in the village. The difference in geographical acting space (referring to external social networks) and bonding social capital under the form of family and kinship network (as pertaining to internal social networks) are more likely to be the determining factors that prevent the engagement of a majority of local villagers in tourism activities.
Secondly, tourism has offered both financial and non-financial benefits to local development, highlighting the role of tourism in diversifying rural occupation, rural income in the process of rural transformation. However, the benefits of tourism development are unequally distributed among local villagers, leading to the disparity of living standards between different groups in the village. Most of the benefits go to families directly involved in tourism activities through running their own businesses such as homestays, restaurants, and driver services. Meanwhile, local villagers who are not engaged in tourism activities or indirectly joining tourism, experience more vulnerability due to unsustainable sources of income, lack of savings, and geographical isolation. These results raise concerns about inclusive development in rural areas in Viet Hai and other developing countries.
Keyword: rural tourism, rural development, community-based tourism (CBT), geographical acting space, bonding social capital, kinship.์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ธ๋ด ์๊ณจ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ธ ๋น์ฃํ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๊ด๊ด ํ๋๊ณผ ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ(rural development)์ ๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋งํผ ๊ด๊ด ๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋์ด์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋์ด์ ๋ณํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด ๊ด๊ด๊ณ ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ง์์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ์ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์์นด์ด๋ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ง์ ์ง์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 40๋ช
์ ์ฌ์ธต ํ์ง ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฏผ32๋ช
, ๊ด๊ณ์ 3๋ช
, ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ 5๋ช
๋ฑ์ด์๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ๋ก, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ด๋ฏผ์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์
, ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์
, ๋ถ๊ฐ์
์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ํํ๋ก ๊ด๊ด ํ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ด๊ด์ด 20๋
๋์ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ง๋ง ์์ยท๊ตํต ๋ฑ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ ์ํ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ ์ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ทน์์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ง์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ด๊ด ์ฌ์
์ ํจ๊ป ๋ชจ์ ์๋ก ์ง์ํ๋๋ก ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ค. ๋น์ฃํ์ด์ ๋๋ค์์ ํ์ง์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ํ์ง ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ ๊ด๊ด ํ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น์ฃํ์ด์ ๊ด๊ด ๊ณ ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ฎ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ฐ ์น์กฑ ๋คํธ์ํฌ(๋ด๋ถ ์์
๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ) ํํ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ(์ธ๋ถ ์์
๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ(๋ด๋ถ ์์
๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋จ)์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ๋๋ค์๊ฐ ๊ด๊ด ํ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค.
๋์งธ, ๊ด๊ด์ ์ง์ญ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ , ๋น์ฌ๋ฌด์ ์ด์ต์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๊ณตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์ด์ ๋ณํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋์ด์ ์ง์
, ๋์ด์ ์๋์ ๋ค์ํํ๋ ๊ด๊ด์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ์ํค๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํํ์ ์ง์ญ ๋ง์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ํ์ฐํ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์์ด ๋ง์ ๋ด ๊ฐ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์์ค์ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ์ด๋๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํํ์ ํ์คํ
์ด (homestay), ๋ ์คํ ๋, ๊ตํต ์๋น์ค ๋ฑ ์์ฒด ์ฌ์
์ ์ด์ํด ๊ด๊ด ํ๋์ ์ง์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ํํธ ๊ด๊ด ํ๋์ ํ์ง ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๊ด์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ง์ํ ์ ์๋ ์์
์, ์ ์ถ ๋ถ์กฑ, ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ ๋ง์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋น์ฃํ์ด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๊ตญ๋ค์ ๋์ด ์ง์ญ์์์ ํฌ๊ด์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค.
ํค์๋: ๋์ด ๊ด๊ด, ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ๋์ด ๋ณํ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ด(CBT), ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ๊ฒฐ์์ ์ฌํ์๋ณธ, ์น์กฑ(์น์ฒ)Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Research background, research objectives, and research questions 1
1.2. Research methods 7
1.3. Organization of thesis 11
Chapter 2 Rural development and tourism relationship 13
2.1. The linkage between tourism and rural development 13
2.2. Explanatory variables: geographical acting space (GAS) and bonding social capital under the form of family and kinship network 28
2.3. Analytical framework 34
Chapter 3 Case study introduction 36
3.1. Rural and tourism in Vietnam 36
3.2. Viet Hai commune, Hai Phong city 46
Chapter 4 Local involvement in tourism employment in Viet Hai 59
4.1. Village engagement in tourism employment 59
4.2. Geographical acting space (GAS); family and kinship networks 67
Chapter 5 Contribution of tourism to local, rural development 89
5.1. Community based tourism, effective or not? 90
5.2. Economic contribution 94
5.3. Non-economic contribution 103
5.4. Disparities in living standard 105
Chapter 6 Conclusion and discussion 112
6.1. Key findings, contribution and policy recommendations of the study 112
6.2. Further discussions and future research 116
Bibliography 122
Abstract in Korean 146
Acknowledgements 148
Appendixes 149Maste
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