The phenology of winter rye in Poland: an analysis of long-term experimental data

The study of the phenology of crops, although quite popular, has limitations, mainly because of frequent changes to crop varieties and management practices. Here, we present data on the phenology and yield of winter rye in western Poland collected between 1957 and 2012 from a long-term field experiment. Data were examined for trends through time and compared to climatological factors using regression analysis. Both annual air temperature and precipitation increased during the study period, equivalent to 2 °C and 186 mm, respectively, over the 52-year period for which met data were available. We detected significant delays in sowing date and recently in emergence, but significant advances were apparent in full flowering date equivalent to 4 days/decade. Yield and plant density experienced a step like change in 1986; yield increasing by ca. 70 % and plant density increasing by ca. 50 %, almost coinciding with a similar change in annual mean temperature, but most likely caused by a changed seed rate and use of herbicides. Future climate change is expected to have a greater impact on this crop, but farmers may be able to adapt to these changes by modifying water regimes, using new machinery and sowing new rye varieties

Isledovanija khozjajjstvennojj vrednosti vlasoedov (Mallophaga). V. Popytka opredelenija roli vlasoedov Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitsch) v peredache tifa u kuric

The author found out that haematophagic Mallophaga E. stramineus parasitizing on hens can get infected with strain Salmonella gallinarum while feeding on the blood of hens diseased or died of typhoid. From the alimentary canal of Mallophaga 16 bacterial strains were isolated, which in respect of biochemical and serological properties were in most cases identical with strain S. gallinarum used for experimental infection of hens. There was stated no possibility of hens getting infected by transmission of Mallophaga from those died of typhoid on the feathers and healthy or injured skin of hens free from diseases. This kind of infection was not observed even in case of hypoimmunity of the infected hens