Crescimento inicial, alocação de recursos e fotossintese em plantulas das especies vicariantes : Hymenaea courbaril var stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. (jatoba) e Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. (jatoba-do-cerrado) (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae)

Orientadores: Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, Paulo Eugenio OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Em grande parte dos trópicos, a vegetação é composta por um mosaico de áreas de savanas e de florestas. De acordo com muitos pesquisadores, a distribuição atual de formações florestais e savânicas é resultado de alterações climáticas que ocorreram durante o Pleistoceno e o início do Holoceno e que ocasionaram grandes mudanças na cobertura vegetacional e na distribuição de espécies vegetais. Na maioria dos casos, apesar das formações savânicas e florestais serem contíguas, sem barreiras ecológicas definidas entre suas populações, há poucas trocas de elementos florísticos entre as duas formações. Há, entretanto, diversos gêneros de plantas que apresentam espécies de mata e espécies de cerrado, que são muito afins, chamadas de espécies vicariantes. Acreditase que as diferenças ecológicas e fisiológicas existentes entre espécies florestais e savânicas determinem a distribuição destes dois grupos de plantas, tendo um importante papel na dinâmica do limite savana-floresta. Dessa forma, fica evidente que estudos comparativos sobre espécies vicariantes constituem excelente oportunidade de se detectar diferenças ecológicas entre matas e cerrados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi compreender as diferenças relacionadas à adaptação e estabelecimento de plântulas das espécies vicariantes Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. e H. stigonocarpa Mart., nos seus respectivos ambientes naturais, utilizando-se parâmetros de fotossíntese e de crescimento. Para tanto, foram realizados experimentos sob diferentes intensidades luminosas e em diferentes substratos, em condições naturais e conhecidas e, parcialmente, controladas. Com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos realizados, pôde-se identificar diferenças entre as duas espécies estudadas ligadas à disponibilidade de água e, principalmente, à luz, resultantes da adaptação das plântulas aos seus respectivos ambientes. No início do desenvolvimento, a espécie de mata investiu no crescimento da parte aérea e foi mais tolerante à sombra e menos tolerante à luz, enquanto a espécie de cerrado investiu na parte subterrânea e foi mais tolerante à luz e menos tolerante à sombra. As plântulas de H. stigonocarpa parecem apresentar uma plasticidade menor em relação a H. courbaril var stilbocarpa e, como consequencia, uma baixa capacidade de ocupação de novos ambientes. Postula-se no presente trabalho que a espécie Hymenaea courbaril tenha originado a espécie H. stigonocarpa, que é exclusiva dos cerrados brasileirosAbstract: Some parts of the tropical regions are composed of a mosaic of savannah and forest areas. The actual distribution of forest and savannah formations is thought to be a result of climatic alterations that occurred during the Pleistocene. They began in the Holocene and led to great changes in vegetation covering and plant species distribution. Although savannah and forest formations are contiguous and there are no ecological barriers between their populations, there is limited exchange of floristic elements between these two biomes. Nevertheless, there are many plant genera present in the forest and savannah, which present very similar species. They are called congeneric species. It is thought that ecological and physiological differences between forest and savannah species determine the distribution of congeneric pairs, having some importance for the dynamics of the borders between forest and savannah. Thus, comparative studies on the ecophysiology of congeneric species represent an important contribution for the detection of ecological differences between forests and savannas. The purpose of this work was to investigate the differences related to ecophysiological aspects of the establishment of seedlings of the congeneric species Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. and H. stigonocarpa Mart. Our approach was based on measurements of growing patterns and photosynthesis. Experiments were made under different light intensities and different types of soil, under natural and partially controlled conditions. On the basis of these experiments, it was possible to identify different behaviours of the two studied species regarding water availability and light responses. In the beginning of development, the forest species invested on shoot growth and it was also more tolerant to shadow, whereas the savannah species invested more on root growth, being more tolerant to light and less tolerant to shadow. Whereas H. Stigonocarpa did not survive under the dark understorey of the forest, H. courbaril survived in the savannah at least for the experimental period, suggesting that seedlings of the former species seem to show a lower plasticity for physiological responses in comparison with H. courbaril. As a consequence, H. stigonocarpa is probably less capable to occupy new environments. This work postulates that, on the basis of the ecophysiological behaviour, the species Hymenaea courbaril has probably originated H. stigonocarpa, which is exclusively found in the Brazilian savannasMestradoBiologia VegetalMestre em Biologia Vegeta

Step back from the forest and step up to the bonn challenge : how a broad ecological perspective can promote successful landscape restoration

We currently face both an extinction and a biome crisis embedded in a changing climate. Many biodiverse ecosystems are being lost at far higher rates than they are being protected or ecologically restored. At the same time, natural climate solutions offer opportunities to restore biodiversity while mitigating climate change. The Bonn Challenge is a U.N. programme to restore biodiversity and mitigate climate change through restoration of the world's degraded landscapes. It provides an unprecedented chance for ecological restoration to become a linchpin tool for addressing many environmental issues. Unfortunately, the Forest and Landscape Restoration programme that underpins the Bonn Challenge, as its name suggests, remains focused on trees and forests, despite rising evidence that many non-forest ecosystems also offer strong restoration potential for biodiversity and climate mitigation. We see a need for restoration to step back to be more inclusive of different ecosystem types and to step up to provide integrated scientific knowledge to inform large-scale restoration. Stepping back and up will require assessments of where to restore what species, with recognition that in many landscapes multiple habitat types should be restored. In the process, trade-offs in the delivery of different ecosystem services (e.g. carbon, biodiversity, water, albedo, livestock forage) should be clearly addressed. We recommend that biodiversity safeguards be included in policy and implemented in practice, to avoid undermining the biophysical relationships that provide ecosystem resilience to climate change. For ecological restoration to contribute to international policy goals will require integrated large-scale science that works across biome boundaries274705719We thank Benjamin Delory for commenting on the manuscript and colleagues at Leuphana University for constructive discussions about the topic. Funding was provided by a number of different funding bodies: V.M.T.'s professorship is funded by the State of Lower Saxony and the Volkswagen (VW) Foundation. Sessions at the Society for Ecological Restoration's World Conference in Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, in 2017, provided the inspiration for this manuscrip