Guided VLS Growth of Epitaxial Lateral Si Nanowires

Using the Au-seeded vapor–liquid–solid technique, epitaxial single-crystal Si nanowires (NWs) can be grown laterally along Si(111) substrates that have been miscut toward [112̅]. The ratio of lateral-to-vertical NWs increases as the miscut angle increases and as disilane pressure and substrate temperature decrease. By exploiting these trends, conditions can be identified whereby all of the deposited Au seeds form lateral NWs. Growth is guided along the nanofaceted substrate via a mechanism that involves pinning of the trijunction at the liquid/solid interface of the growing nanowire

Optimization of In₂Se₃/Si(111) Heteroepitaxy To Enable Bi₂Se₃/In₂Se₃ Bilayer Growth

Systematic optimization of molecular beam epitaxy growth parameters enabled high quality heteroepitaxy of In₂Se₃ on Si(111) surfaces. Surfaces of the best epilayers were characterized by atomically flat terraces that extended laterally for several hundred nanometers. These terraces were separated by single quintuple layer high steps. These In₂Se₃ films were suitable for subsequent high quality epitaxy of Bi₂Se₃. The quality of the In₂Se₃/Bi₂Se₃ interface was confirmed using atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy

Simulation results

Trajectory and waveform data for elastohydrodynamic simulations of sperm swimming over geometric features

The solution to the system (7)–(9) using the parameters in (10), plotted with the additional test data for the growth curve of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (Data set 2).

<p>Using <i>fminsearch</i> we get a relative error value of <i>R</i> = 0.002 with an estimated initial condition <i>H</i>₀ = 0.2 when using growth rates <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.e016" target="_blank">(10)</a>.</p

Distribution of Chemical Residues among Fat, Skim, Curd, Whey, and Protein Fractions in Fortified, Pasteurized Milk

The distribution of 12 environmental contaminants or metabolites with diverse polarities (2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether; bisphenol A; estrone; glyphosate; β-hexabromocyclododecane; imidacloprid; 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 3′-methylsulfone 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl; 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin; 2-hydroxy-1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin; tetrabromobisphenol A; and triclocarban) among skim milk, fat, curd, whey, whey retentate, and whey permeate was characterized. Analysis of these compounds along with 15 drugs previously studied provided a robust linear model predicting the distribution between skim and fat and the chemical’s lipophilicity (log <i>P</i>, <i>r</i>² = 0.71; log <i>D</i>, <i>r</i>² = 0.79). Similarly, distribution between curd and whey was correlated with lipophilicity (log <i>P</i>, <i>r</i>² = 0.63; log <i>D</i>, <i>r</i>² = 0.73). Phenolic compounds had less predictable distribution patterns based on their lipophilicities. Within the whey fraction, chemicals with greater lipophilicity are associated with whey proteins more than hydrophilic chemicals. The resultant model could help predict the potential distribution of chemical contaminants among milk products in cow milk, if present

The solution to the system (2)–(6) with Θ₁ (blue dashed line) and Θ₂ (green dotted line).

<p>Initial conditions are taken from <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>, for (a) 2<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹, (b) 4<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹, (c) 10<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹, (d) 20<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹, (e) 40<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹ and (f) 200<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹ of meropenem. These results are plotted along with the data points from data set 1 with errorbars displaying the standard deviation of the means of three biological replicates. Data values are measured in optical density (OD); we formulate the solution for OD using the equation .</p

Transitions of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in response to exposure to meropenem.

<p>The species shown are defined as follows: <i>H</i> are rod-shaped cells, <i>S</i> are spherical cells and <i>D</i> represent dead cells. When the antibiotic, <i>A</i>, is introduced, rod-shaped cells can make the reversible transition to a spherical shape. The antibiotic is assumed to be effective at killing rod-shaped cells but not spherical cells due to a depleted cell wall. Rod-shaped cells lyse naturally as do spherical cells. However, natural rod-shaped cell death is expected to happen at a slower rate than death due to antibiotic action; the double-lined arrow from <i>H</i> to <i>D</i> represents antibiotic-induced death. Rod-shaped cells can proliferate if there is enough nutrient, <i>N</i>.</p

Simulations displaying predictions of bacterial growth with variations to key parameter values.

<p>The solution to the system <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.e005" target="_blank">(2)</a>–<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.e009" target="_blank">(6)</a> using Θ₂ and varying the parameters (a) <i>γ</i> for the case where <i>A</i>₀ = 2, (b) <i>γ</i> for the case where <i>A</i>₀ = 10, (c) <i>δ</i> for the case where <i>A</i>₀ = 2, (d) <i>δ</i> for the case where <i>A</i>₀ = 10, (e) <i>ψ</i>, when <i>A</i>₀ = 2 and (f) <i>ψ</i> when <i>A</i>₀ = 10. The default values, found via paramterisation, are depicted by the red solid lines. Values for all varied parameters have units min⁻¹.</p

<i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells transitioning between a rod and spherical shape.

<p><i>P. aeruginosa</i> cells rapidly convert to a spherical shape after adding (a) 0.5<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹ and (b) 2<i>μ</i>g ml⁻¹ of meropenem before reverting back to a bacillary form. Microscopy images were taken after 1, 6 and 22 hours. Left panels: transmitted light, right panels: fluorescence microscopy. In fluorescence images, green and red colouring indicates viable and lysed cells respectively.</p

Estimated parameter values (EPVs) for the model, Eqs (2)–(6).

<p>Estimated parameter values (EPVs) for the model, Eqs <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.e005" target="_blank">(2)</a>–<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006012#pcbi.1006012.e009" target="_blank">(6)</a>.</p