Fitocenološke značajke šuma bijele johe (Alnus incana /L./ Moench) u Gorskome kotaru

The paper presents vegetation research of grey alder stands (Alnus incana /L./ Moench) along the beds of the rivers Kupa, Kupica, Čabranka and Belica in Gorski kotar. The standard Central European phytosociological method was used to record and analyze eight phytosociological relevés from 2010. Research results revealed that it was the association of grey alder with deadnettle, Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae, recently recorded in the west of Slovenia (DAKSKOBLER, 2007, 2010). Growing under similar ecological conditions and containing common diagnostic species as the Slovenian stands, the stands in Gorski kotar are characterized by the abundant presence of Helleborus dumetorum. For this reason, they have been classified as a new geographic variant of the above mentioned association.U radu su prikazana vegetacijska istraživanja sastojina bijele johe (Alnus incana /L./ Moench) uz korita rijeka Kupe, Kupice, Čabranke i Belice u Gorskome kotaru. Pri tome je korištena standardna srednjoeuropska fitocenološka metoda kojom je snimljeno i analizirano osam fitocenoloških snimki iz 2010. godine. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se radi o asocijaciji bijele johe s mrtvom koprivom Lamio orvalae-Alnetum incanae, nedavno ustanovljenoj u zapadnoj Sloveniji (DAKSKOBLER, 2007, 2010). Uz slične ekološke uvjete i zajedničke dijagnostičke vrste, sastojine iz Gorskog kotara odlikuju se obilnom nazočnošću vrste Helleborus dumetorum, pa su izdvojene kao nova geografska varijanta spomenute asocijacije

MOBILE APPS ALS HILFSMITTEL FÜR DAF-LERNER: EINE SELBSTEINSCHÄTZUNG VON GERMANISTIKSTUDIERENDEN DER UNIVERSITÄT RIJEKA

In unserer modernen Zeit ist die Technik zu einem festen Bestandteil unseres Lebens geworden. Ein Beispiel dafür stellen Smartphones dar, die uns morgens, als Wecker aus dem Schlaf reißen und tagsüber zum Telefonieren und Surfen im Internet dienen. Obwohl Smartphones zu unserem alltäglichen Leben gehören, nutzen die meisten Besitzer nur einen Bruchteil aller möglichen Funktionen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, fünf kostenlose Sprachlernapps für Deutsch als Fremdsprache zu analysieren und eine Befragung von Studierenden an der Philosophischen Fakultät in Rijeka durchzuführen, um herauszufinden, ob diese oder andere Sprachlernapps von ihnen genutzt werden. Des Weiteren soll die Befragung abklären, welche Teile der deutschen Sprache (Grammatik, Wortschatz, Landeskunde usw.) durch die App vermittelt werden sollten, um von den Studierenden aktiv genutzt zu werden

Nomenclatural-Syntaxonomic Determination of Pannonian Beech-Fir Forests (Abieti-Fagetum “pannonicum”) in Croatia

Bukovo-jelove šume u gorju jugozapadnoga dijela Panonije u Hrvatskoj fitocenološki su nedovoljno istražene. U novije vrijeme nije bilo njihove podrobne nomenklaturno-sintaksonomske analize koja bi u potpunosti bila sukladna međunarodnim nomenklaturnim pravilima (Barkman i dr. 1986, Weber i dr. 2000). Zbog toga smo nakon njihova odvajanja od dinarskih bukovo-jelovih šuma (Vukelić i Baričević 1996) pristupili 2007. godine njihovu istraživanju, imenovanju i određivanju prema ostalim šumskim zajednicama ovoga dijela Europe. U glavnom arealu bukovo-jelovih šuma na Maclju, Medvednici i Papuku fitocenološki smo istražili i snimili četrdeset ploha, a u ovom radu prikazujemo ih 25. Prilično su bogata flornoga sastava s ukupno 135 vrsta. Prevladavaju vrste reda Fagetalia i njegovih nižih jedinica, od kojih su posebno značajne vrste sveze Aremonio-Fagion. Florni sastav, ekološki uvjeti, fizionomija ovih sastojina i način gospodarenja njima opravdavaju izdvajanje zasebne asocijacije. Označili smo ju imenom Festuco drymeiae-Abietetum (bukovo-jelova šuma s brdskom vlasuljom) prema najproširenijoj i sociološki važnoj vrsti Festuca drymeia i edifikatoru jeli (Abies alba). Time se jasno odvaja i prepoznaje među ostalim bukovim i bukovo-jelovim asocijacijama unutar sveze Aremonio-Fagion i podsveze Lamio orvalae-Fagenion kojima je podređena. Tipološki smo ju raščlanili na dvije subasocijacije (lunarietosum redivivae i festucetosum drymeiae) koje se ekološki i po flori jasno razlikuju. Sastojine u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske, na Maclju i Medvednici po flornom sastavu su raznovrsnije i bogatije od sastojina na Papuku, poglavito vrstama sveze Aremonio-Fagion, no statistička analiza nije pokazala opravdanost njihova razdvajanja. U radu su ukratko raspravljene i fitogeografske razlike unutar areala asocijacije u Hrvatskoj i odnos prema srodnim zajednicama na istraživanom području i na susjednim područjima.Forests of beech and fir in the mountains of north-western part of the Pannonian valley in Croatia represent zonal communities of the mountainous belt. They have a relatively rich floral composition in which species of the order Fagetalia and its lower units have distinct prominence. Covering about fifteen thousand hectares, they grow in humid-perhumid conditions of temperate warm climate with a favourable precipitation pattern. The geological-lythological structure is predominantly made up of silicate rocks (sandstones, slates) with a dominant soil type of dystric cambisol with acid reaction. In northern expositions they take up altitudes between 600 and 1,000 m, while in southern expositions they climb down to as low as 300 m. Phytocoenological research and relevés of 40 plots were made in the main distribution range of beech-fir forests on Macelj, Medvednica and Papuk, 25 of which will be presented in this paper. They have a relatively rich floristic composition containing a total of 135 species. There is a prevalence of species of the order Fagetalia and its lower units, of which species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion are particularly important (Table 1). The floristic composition, ecological conditions, physiognomy and method of managing these stands justify their classification into a separate association. It was named Festuco-drymeiae-Abietetum (forest of beech and fir with fescue) according to the most widely represented and sociologically important species Festuca drymeia and the edifier fir (Abies alba). This clearly distinguishes it from other beech and beech-fir associations within the alliance Aremonio-Fagion and suballiance Lamio orvalae-Fagenion, to which it is subordinated. Abies alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine trifolia, Lunaria rediviva, Geranium robertianum, Galeopsis tetrahit, Cephalanthera damasonium and Glechoma hirsuta are differentiating species of the association. It has been typologically divided into two subassociations: at steeper, drier terrains and plateaux it is festucetosum drymeiae, while at more humous, less acid, fresher and shadier positions it is lunarietosum redivivae. Comparative analyses have shown an independent nature of the association in relation to other ones that occur in the montane beech belt of the Pannonian part of Croatia and adjacent areas (Table 2). Stands in the north-western part of Croatia, on Macelj and Medvednica, are floristically richer and more diverse than those on Papuk – particularly in species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion. However, statistical analysis did not justify their separation

Nomenclatural-Syntaxonomic Determination of Pannonian Beech-Fir Forests (Abieti-Fagetum “pannonicum”) in Croatia

Bukovo-jelove šume u gorju jugozapadnoga dijela Panonije u Hrvatskoj fitocenološki su nedovoljno istražene. U novije vrijeme nije bilo njihove podrobne nomenklaturno-sintaksonomske analize koja bi u potpunosti bila sukladna međunarodnim nomenklaturnim pravilima (Barkman i dr. 1986, Weber i dr. 2000). Zbog toga smo nakon njihova odvajanja od dinarskih bukovo-jelovih šuma (Vukelić i Baričević 1996) pristupili 2007. godine njihovu istraživanju, imenovanju i određivanju prema ostalim šumskim zajednicama ovoga dijela Europe. U glavnom arealu bukovo-jelovih šuma na Maclju, Medvednici i Papuku fitocenološki smo istražili i snimili četrdeset ploha, a u ovom radu prikazujemo ih 25. Prilično su bogata flornoga sastava s ukupno 135 vrsta. Prevladavaju vrste reda Fagetalia i njegovih nižih jedinica, od kojih su posebno značajne vrste sveze Aremonio-Fagion. Florni sastav, ekološki uvjeti, fizionomija ovih sastojina i način gospodarenja njima opravdavaju izdvajanje zasebne asocijacije. Označili smo ju imenom Festuco drymeiae-Abietetum (bukovo-jelova šuma s brdskom vlasuljom) prema najproširenijoj i sociološki važnoj vrsti Festuca drymeia i edifikatoru jeli (Abies alba). Time se jasno odvaja i prepoznaje među ostalim bukovim i bukovo-jelovim asocijacijama unutar sveze Aremonio-Fagion i podsveze Lamio orvalae-Fagenion kojima je podređena. Tipološki smo ju raščlanili na dvije subasocijacije (lunarietosum redivivae i festucetosum drymeiae) koje se ekološki i po flori jasno razlikuju. Sastojine u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske, na Maclju i Medvednici po flornom sastavu su raznovrsnije i bogatije od sastojina na Papuku, poglavito vrstama sveze Aremonio-Fagion, no statistička analiza nije pokazala opravdanost njihova razdvajanja. U radu su ukratko raspravljene i fitogeografske razlike unutar areala asocijacije u Hrvatskoj i odnos prema srodnim zajednicama na istraživanom području i na susjednim područjima.Forests of beech and fir in the mountains of north-western part of the Pannonian valley in Croatia represent zonal communities of the mountainous belt. They have a relatively rich floral composition in which species of the order Fagetalia and its lower units have distinct prominence. Covering about fifteen thousand hectares, they grow in humid-perhumid conditions of temperate warm climate with a favourable precipitation pattern. The geological-lythological structure is predominantly made up of silicate rocks (sandstones, slates) with a dominant soil type of dystric cambisol with acid reaction. In northern expositions they take up altitudes between 600 and 1,000 m, while in southern expositions they climb down to as low as 300 m. Phytocoenological research and relevés of 40 plots were made in the main distribution range of beech-fir forests on Macelj, Medvednica and Papuk, 25 of which will be presented in this paper. They have a relatively rich floristic composition containing a total of 135 species. There is a prevalence of species of the order Fagetalia and its lower units, of which species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion are particularly important (Table 1). The floristic composition, ecological conditions, physiognomy and method of managing these stands justify their classification into a separate association. It was named Festuco-drymeiae-Abietetum (forest of beech and fir with fescue) according to the most widely represented and sociologically important species Festuca drymeia and the edifier fir (Abies alba). This clearly distinguishes it from other beech and beech-fir associations within the alliance Aremonio-Fagion and suballiance Lamio orvalae-Fagenion, to which it is subordinated. Abies alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine trifolia, Lunaria rediviva, Geranium robertianum, Galeopsis tetrahit, Cephalanthera damasonium and Glechoma hirsuta are differentiating species of the association. It has been typologically divided into two subassociations: at steeper, drier terrains and plateaux it is festucetosum drymeiae, while at more humous, less acid, fresher and shadier positions it is lunarietosum redivivae. Comparative analyses have shown an independent nature of the association in relation to other ones that occur in the montane beech belt of the Pannonian part of Croatia and adjacent areas (Table 2). Stands in the north-western part of Croatia, on Macelj and Medvednica, are floristically richer and more diverse than those on Papuk – particularly in species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion. However, statistical analysis did not justify their separation

Floristic composition as an indicator of destabilisation of lowland forest ecosystems in Posavina

Background and Purpose: The succession of forests in the Posavina region follows a pattern from forests of black alder and ash through stands of pedunculate oak to pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests. In the past hundred years, this lowland area has been affected by a number of factors, among which anthropogenic influences hold a primary position. This has resulted in a considerable deviation from normal, natural succession. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the present condition, the degree of destabilisation and the future developmental trends of pedunculate oak stands by drawing on previous pedological, hydrological and vegetational research. One of the best indicators of the above is the ecoindicator values of the floristic composition. Materials and Methods: Phytocoenological relevés were taken in 25 localities of both stable and destabilised forest ecosystems of pedunculate oak in Žutica Forest. The principles of the Zurich-Montpellier School were applied for this process. The numerical analysis was carried out by means of SYN-TAX 2000 software. JUICE 6.3 and CANOCO 4.5 were also used to process the relevés, construct the phytocoenological tables and correlate species compositions and vegetation typeswith ecological factors. The obtained results were compared with the results of earlier ecological research. Results: Phytocoenological research revealed significant changes in the floristic composition. Ecoindicator values of plant species indicate a substantial change in ecological parameters and increased destabilisation, which leads to larger quantities of light, thermophilicity and humidity in sites. In addition, the sites are richer in nitrogen and the soil reaction becomes more basophilic, while central European species replace intermediary ones. Conclusions: The investigated plots show a regression process contrary to the normal direction of vegetation development in lowland areas. A return has been observed from the final community to transitional communities, and in some localities even to initial and pioneer communities

Phytocoenosis of Silver Fir and Hop Hornbeam (Ostryo-Abietetum/Fukarek 1963/Trinajstić 1983) in the Hinterland of Vinodol

U radu se fitocenološki analiziraju mješovite sastojine jele i crnoga graba (Ostryo-Abietetum/Fukarek 1963/Trinajstić 1983) u vinodolskom zaleđu. Iako su već istraživane (Rac 1995) u fitocenološkom smislu je izostala cjelovita analiza i usporedba s ostalim područjima Hrvatske. Zajednica je predstavljena s deset snimaka načinjenih u očuvanijim i suvislijim kompleksima na približno 250 ha njezina rasprostranjenja i nadmorskim visinama od 700 do 900 m. Ukupno su registrirane 84 vrste, prosječno po snimci 41, a njihova sociološka pripadnost relativno je složena, što su pokazala i prijašnja istraživanja na Biokovu (Trinajstić 1983, 1987). U odnosu na biokovske sastojine zabilježene su 54 nove vrste, a izostaje 46, među njima Pulmonaria visianii i Lonicera alpigena izdvojene kao svojstvene vrste asocijacije. U sloju drveća dominira Abies alba, podstojno i Ostrya carpinifolia, a u sloju grmlja pridolaze 34 vrste, bujnošću dominiraju one termofilne svojstvene za red Quercetalia pubescentis. U sloju prizemnog rašća prevladavaju mezofilne vrste reda Fagetalia i sveze Aremonio-Fagion i termofilna vrsta Sesleria autumnalis. Također je za vinodolske sastojine specifičan pridolazak hrasta kitnjaka i nekih drugih vrsta slabije izražene socijalne pripadnosti i mezofilnoga karaktera. Sastojine zajednice Ostryo-Abietetum su uglavnom zaštitne panjače trajno otvorenog sklopa i obrasta uglavnom oko 50 %.In Croatia, the forest community Ostryo-Abietetum (Fukarek 1963) Trinajstić 1983 was found on Mt. Biokovo (Trinajstić 1983, 1987) and on Kapela (Rac et Lovrić 1987, Rac 1995). Only five relevés have been published in scientific literature. Since the floral composition has not been analyzed and compared in more detail, the studied phytocoenosis is insufficiently known. Phytocoenological research was conducted following the classical principles of the Braun-Blanquet School (1964). Forests of fir with hop hornbeam were presented on the basis of ten relevés from the Vinodol area and five from Biokovo. Plant nomenclature was adjusted according to Ehrendorfer (1973), while plant-sociological affiliation and biological form of the species were based on the work generally used for this purpose. Phytocoenological research into the stands of the community Ostryo-Abietetum in Vinodol showed syntaxonomic affiliation in the sense of Marinček et al. (1993) in accordance with international syntaxonomic rules (Weber et al. 2000). A total of 84 species were registered in ten phytocoenological relevés. On average, there were 41 species per relevé. Abies alba prevails in the dominant layer, Ostrya carpinifolia in the intermediate layer and thermophilic species of the order Quercetalia pubescentis in the shrub layer. The layer of herbaceous vegetation is dominated by the species of the order Fagetalia and the alliance Aremonio-Fagion and by the thermophilic species Sesleria autumnalis. The forest phytocoenosis of fir with hop hornbeam occurs over approximately 250 ha in the study area (Racić 2001). Compared to past phytocoenological relevés of this community in Croatia, 54 new species have been registered. Those of mesophilic character and beech forests prevail, which completes the knowledge of the phytocoenosis Ostryo-Abietetum. In relation to the stands on Biokovo, 46 species of predominantly thermophilic character are absent, including Lonicera alpigena and Pulmonaria visianii, which were initially classified as characteristic species of the association. The species Hepatica nobilis, with frequent presence of sessile oak in the tree layer, occurs abundantly in Vinodol stands. Stands of the community Ostryo-Abietetum are mainly protective coppices with a permanently open canopy and density of about 50 %

Diversity of Forest Vegetation in the Hilly Požega Region

U radu su prikazani rezultati sinekološko-fitocenoloških istraživanja šumske vegetacije Požeške i Babje gore. Istraživano područje kao južni dio slavonskoga gorja izuzetno je vrijedan objekt u vegetacijskoj slici Republike Hrvatske. Šumske sastojine, nažalost, do sada nisu dostatno istražene i opisane te vrednovane. Pri terenskim istraživanjima korištene su klasične fitocenološke metode. Ukupno je istraženo dvjestotinjak lokaliteta u svim oblicima šumske vegetacije te su provedene multivarijatne statističke analize podataka pomoću kompjutorskih programa SinTax2000 i Juice 6.3. One su pokazale međusobno vrlo slične rezultate i iste opće zakonitosti. Kao rezultat toga jasno su definirane sve šumske zajednice na istraživanome području te sinekološki čimbenici presudni za pridolazak i rasprostranjenost pojedine zajednice. U okviru opisanih šumskih zajednica ukupno je evidentirano 240 vrsta, od kojih su neke i na crvenom popisu ugroženih biljaka Republike Hrvatske u skupini rizično ugroženih i u skupini nisko rizično ugroženih. Spektar flornih geoelemenata potvrđuje uvodne pretpostavke i stajališta da se istraživano područje nalazi na raskrižju vrlo raznolikih utjecaja. To jasno pokazuje iznimno velik broj vrlo različitih flornih geoelemenata i njihovih kombinacija. Općenito gledano, na relativno maloj površini s vrlo sličnim općim ekološkim uvjetima imamo vrlo raznolike mikroklimatske i mikroreljefne uvjete, što se vidi na velikim razlikama u vrstama i broju biljaka koje pridolaze u pojedinoj zajednici. Kada bismo generalno opisali cjelokupno istraživano područje kroz ekoindikatorske vrijednosti biljnih vrsta koje pridolaze u šumskoj vegetaciji, mogli bismo zaključiti da su ekološki uvjeti iznimno povoljni za razvitak vegetacije. To se izvrsno reflektira kroz veliku biološku raznolikost i bogatstvo šumske vegetacije Požeškoga gorja.The paper addresses the results of synecological-phytocoenological research into the forest vegetation of Požeška and Babja Gora. The investigated area, a part of southern Slavonian Mountains, represents an exceptionally valuable site in the vegetation picture of Croatia. So far, regrettably, the forest stands have not been properly investigated, described and evaluated. Field research was conducted using classical phytocoenological methods. In addition to investigating some two hundred localities with diverse forms of forest vegetation, multivariate statistical data analyses were also performed by means of SinTax2000 and Juice 4 software. These analyses provided mutually very similar results and revealed identical general patterns. This resulted in a clear definition of all the forest communities in the study area, as well as the synecological factors crucial for the occurrence and distribution of particular communities. A total of 240 species were identified within the described forest communities, of which some are on the red list of threatened plants in the Republic of Croatia, belonging to both the high and low threat category. The range of floral geoelements confirms the introductory hypotheses and views that the studied area is situated at the crossroads of highly diverse impacts. This is evidenced by a high number of very different floral geoelements and their combinations. In general, the relatively small area with very similar ecological conditions enjoys highly diverse micro-climatic and micro-relief conditions, as manifested by significant species diversity and a high number of plants occurring in a particular community. Broadly speaking, if we described the entire study area in terms of eco-indicator values of plant species occurring in the forest vegetation, we could conclude that the ecological conditions here are exceptionally conducive to the development of vegetation. This is very well reflected in high biological diversity and the abundance of forest vegetation in the hills of Požega

Diversity of Forest Vegetation in the Hilly Požega Region

U radu su prikazani rezultati sinekološko-fitocenoloških istraživanja šumske vegetacije Požeške i Babje gore. Istraživano područje kao južni dio slavonskoga gorja izuzetno je vrijedan objekt u vegetacijskoj slici Republike Hrvatske. Šumske sastojine, nažalost, do sada nisu dostatno istražene i opisane te vrednovane. Pri terenskim istraživanjima korištene su klasične fitocenološke metode. Ukupno je istraženo dvjestotinjak lokaliteta u svim oblicima šumske vegetacije te su provedene multivarijatne statističke analize podataka pomoću kompjutorskih programa SinTax2000 i Juice 6.3. One su pokazale međusobno vrlo slične rezultate i iste opće zakonitosti. Kao rezultat toga jasno su definirane sve šumske zajednice na istraživanome području te sinekološki čimbenici presudni za pridolazak i rasprostranjenost pojedine zajednice. U okviru opisanih šumskih zajednica ukupno je evidentirano 240 vrsta, od kojih su neke i na crvenom popisu ugroženih biljaka Republike Hrvatske u skupini rizično ugroženih i u skupini nisko rizično ugroženih. Spektar flornih geoelemenata potvrđuje uvodne pretpostavke i stajališta da se istraživano područje nalazi na raskrižju vrlo raznolikih utjecaja. To jasno pokazuje iznimno velik broj vrlo različitih flornih geoelemenata i njihovih kombinacija. Općenito gledano, na relativno maloj površini s vrlo sličnim općim ekološkim uvjetima imamo vrlo raznolike mikroklimatske i mikroreljefne uvjete, što se vidi na velikim razlikama u vrstama i broju biljaka koje pridolaze u pojedinoj zajednici. Kada bismo generalno opisali cjelokupno istraživano područje kroz ekoindikatorske vrijednosti biljnih vrsta koje pridolaze u šumskoj vegetaciji, mogli bismo zaključiti da su ekološki uvjeti iznimno povoljni za razvitak vegetacije. To se izvrsno reflektira kroz veliku biološku raznolikost i bogatstvo šumske vegetacije Požeškoga gorja.The paper addresses the results of synecological-phytocoenological research into the forest vegetation of Požeška and Babja Gora. The investigated area, a part of southern Slavonian Mountains, represents an exceptionally valuable site in the vegetation picture of Croatia. So far, regrettably, the forest stands have not been properly investigated, described and evaluated. Field research was conducted using classical phytocoenological methods. In addition to investigating some two hundred localities with diverse forms of forest vegetation, multivariate statistical data analyses were also performed by means of SinTax2000 and Juice 4 software. These analyses provided mutually very similar results and revealed identical general patterns. This resulted in a clear definition of all the forest communities in the study area, as well as the synecological factors crucial for the occurrence and distribution of particular communities. A total of 240 species were identified within the described forest communities, of which some are on the red list of threatened plants in the Republic of Croatia, belonging to both the high and low threat category. The range of floral geoelements confirms the introductory hypotheses and views that the studied area is situated at the crossroads of highly diverse impacts. This is evidenced by a high number of very different floral geoelements and their combinations. In general, the relatively small area with very similar ecological conditions enjoys highly diverse micro-climatic and micro-relief conditions, as manifested by significant species diversity and a high number of plants occurring in a particular community. Broadly speaking, if we described the entire study area in terms of eco-indicator values of plant species occurring in the forest vegetation, we could conclude that the ecological conditions here are exceptionally conducive to the development of vegetation. This is very well reflected in high biological diversity and the abundance of forest vegetation in the hills of Požega

Submontane-sub-pannonian beech forests of northern Croatia

Standardnom metodom srednjoeuropske fitocenološke škole (Braun-Blanquet 1964) istražena je i opisana nova asocijacija bukove šume s dugolisnom naglavicom – Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum ass. nova, koja se rasprostire u kolinsko-submontanskom pojasu panonskoga gorja sjeverne Hrvatske, na visinama od 200 do 700 m, na lesnim i romboidnim naslagama povrh kojih se najčešće nalazi luvisol. Obilježava ju relativno siromašan i homogen florni sastav, izostanak brojnih vrsta ilirske sveze Aremonio-Fagion (Horvat 1938) Borhidi in Törek, Podani et Borhidi 1989, izrazita prevlast vrsta Festuca drymeia i Carex pilosa te stalnost vrsta srednjoeuropskih bukovih šuma. Svrstana je unutar srednjoeuropske sveze Fagion sylvaticae Laquet 1926. U odnosu na sastav ostalih bukovih šuma iste sinsistematske pripadnosti ističu se dijagnostičke vrste Festuca drymeia, Polystichum setiferum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Rubus hirtus, Tilia tomentosa, Potentilla micrantha i Ruscus hypoglossum. U radu je prikazano 15 novih i 137 već objavljenih fitocenoloških snimaka, na osnovi kojih je analizirana građa, sociološki i sintaksonomski karakter asocijacije Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum te odnos prema srodnim asocijacijama na južnom i jugozapadnom rubu Panonske nizine i u susjednim područjima.A new association of beech forest with Sword-leaved Helleborine – Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum ass. nova was described in the colline-submontane belt of northern Croatia, on the south-western edge of the Pannonian Plain. The method of the Central European Phytocoenological School (Braun-Blanquet 1964) was used in the research. Statistical comparison was performed by using programs TURBOVEG (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001) and PRIMER 6 (Clarke & Gorley 2001). MDA and UPGMA methods were made by use of Bray-Curtis similarity index. The association was presented on the basis of 15 new and 132 already published phytocoenological relevés (Table 1). In Table 2 and Figure 3 the association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum was compared with the related beech forests of the Illyrian floristic province (north-western Croatia, eastern Slovenia, northern Bosnia), then with the Central European association Galio odorati-Fagetum from the colline-submontane positions of Austria and southern Germany, and finally with beech forests of the Carpathian part of Romania. The association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum is distributed at altitudes from 200 to 700 m, with terrain inclinations usually ranging between 10 and 20 degrees. It grows in the temperate climate with average temperatures from 9.5 to 10.7 °C and average rainfall from 800 to 1,100 mm. The parent bedrock is made up of loess and rhomboid layers generally overlaid with luvisol in a humus-accumulative horizon of medium acidity (pH about 5). The association is characterized by a relatively poor and homogeneous floristic composition, the absence of numerous species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion (the associations Hacquetio-Fagetum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum), the distinct prevalence of the species Festuca drymeia, Carex pilosa and Rubus hirtus, and the constancy of the species of Central European beech forests from the alliance Fagion sylvaticae and the order Fagetalia (Figure 2). Species of warmer and drier sites occur in moderate quantities. A synhorological analysis of the investigated association (according to Poldini 1992) gave the relatively expected results. Of the 206 species, 77 % belong to the widely distributed floral geoelement which does not characterize the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain in any particulars (cosmopolitan, circumboreal, Eurasian, Euro-Siberian, European, Mediterranean-Atlantic and others). In relation to beech forests of the Dinaric region, the studied stands completely lack the Illyrian and south-eastern European species that are important for the alliance Aremonio-Fagion, such as Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Geranium nodosum, Stellaria nemorum ssp. glochidiosperma, Scopolia carniolica, Euphorbia carniolica, Calamintha grandiflora, Omphalodes verna, and Hacquetia epipacis. The species Cardamine trifolia, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Cardamine kitaibelii, Cardamine chelidonia, Lamium orvala, Vicia oroboides, Aposeris foetida, Aremonia agrimonoides, Epimedium alpinum and Helleborus odorus were recorded individually and sporadically only on the edges of the range and in the boundary region with the communities of the Illyrian character. Only Ruscus hypoglossum and Cyclamen purpurascens are more constant in the entire range of the studied association. A large number of earlier works, especially those taken from the overview composed by an international team of phytocoenologists (Marinček et al. 1993), allow for the conclusion that the community Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum lacks the diagnostic species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion and its sub-alliances, on the basis of which it could be subordinated to them. According to these data and the analysis in Tables 1 and 2, these stands should be classified into the Central European alliance Fagion sylvaticae. The differentiating species towards the association Galio odorati-Fagetum and other Central European associations of the sub-alliance Galio odorati-Fagenion include Festuca drymeia, Polysichum setiferum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Ruscus hypoglossum, Rubus hirtus, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus ornus, and Potentilla micrantha. Investigations into the internal structure of these beech stands revealed the local dominance of the facieses of the species Carex pilosa and Festuca drymeia, but in over 60% of the cases they were recorded together. In addition to these two, another very important species in the diagnostic sense is Cephalanthera longifolia, which gave the association its name. This is a warmth-loving species of moderately acid to basic, predominantly dry sites, generally distributed in the colline and montane vegetation belt. Most phytocoenologists classify it into the sub-Mediterranean – Euro-Asian species. Sociologically, it belongs to the class Querco-Fagetea with a mild tendency towards the communities of the order Quercetalia pubescentis. The differentiating species Tilia tomentosa and Potentilla micrantha, with the centre of their distribution lying in the south-eastern part of Europe, are particularly important for the association. This stresses the transitional character of the association (see Figure 1). These investigations greatly contribute to the knowledge of the forest vegetation of Croatia and the boundary region of the Illyrian floristic province. The studied beech forests cover about forty thousand ha in Croatia. They have been described under the following names: Carici pilosae-Fagetum (Pelcer in: Cestar et al. 1983, Rauš et al. 1992, Trinajstić and Franjić 1999, Vukelić and Baričević 2002, 2003, Trinajstić 2007, Vukelić et al. 2007), partly under the name of Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum (Baričević 2002, Škvorc 2006, Škvorc et al. 2011, G. Horvat 2011, non Trinajstić and Cerovečki 2009), then as Polysticho setiferi-Fagetum (Baričević, Vukelić and Šapić 2009), while Marinček (1995) comprised them in the association Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum. The first three names were used earlier to describe the communities in other European areas (Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Italy), to which the stands from Croatia do not belong (compare Moriariu et al. 1968, Magic 1968, Ubaldi 1988, Coldea 1991, Oberdorfer 1992, Zupančič, Žagar and Surina 2000, and others), whereas the fourth community, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum, differs from the former three by its composition and synsystematic affiliation. On the other hand, this confirms the assumption by Willner (2002) that a new, insufficiently investigated association which is related to the association Galio odorati-Fagetum in its lower positions begins southeast of the Alpine area and the range of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum. Analogously to the understanding of the scope of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum, the newly established association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum would be relatively widely distributed on the south-western and southern edge of the Pannonian Plain and the transition to the Dinaric and Central Balkan area. Naturally, this does not exclude the establishment of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum southeast of its clearly identified range in the southeast of Austria. In fact, according to the research currently under way, it can be assumed that its south-eastern boundary (which Willner considers unclear) lies precisely in the fresh sites well supplied with nutrients on dystric brown soils above moderately acid substrates of the submontane – montane belt of the Croatian Pannonian mountains (Papuk, Psunj, Krndija). The synsystematic affiliation of association is:             Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937                         Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawl. 1928 in Pawl. et al. 1928                                     Fagion sylvaticae Laquet 1926                                                 Galio odorati-Fagenion (Tx. 1955) Th. Müller 1959                                                             Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum Vukelić, Baričević et Šapić ass. nova. hoc.loco. Nomenclature type is relevé 6 in Table 1

Submontane-sub-pannonian beech forests of northern Croatia

Standardnom metodom srednjoeuropske fitocenološke škole (Braun-Blanquet 1964) istražena je i opisana nova asocijacija bukove šume s dugolisnom naglavicom – Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum ass. nova, koja se rasprostire u kolinsko-submontanskom pojasu panonskoga gorja sjeverne Hrvatske, na visinama od 200 do 700 m, na lesnim i romboidnim naslagama povrh kojih se najčešće nalazi luvisol. Obilježava ju relativno siromašan i homogen florni sastav, izostanak brojnih vrsta ilirske sveze Aremonio-Fagion (Horvat 1938) Borhidi in Törek, Podani et Borhidi 1989, izrazita prevlast vrsta Festuca drymeia i Carex pilosa te stalnost vrsta srednjoeuropskih bukovih šuma. Svrstana je unutar srednjoeuropske sveze Fagion sylvaticae Laquet 1926. U odnosu na sastav ostalih bukovih šuma iste sinsistematske pripadnosti ističu se dijagnostičke vrste Festuca drymeia, Polystichum setiferum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Rubus hirtus, Tilia tomentosa, Potentilla micrantha i Ruscus hypoglossum. U radu je prikazano 15 novih i 137 već objavljenih fitocenoloških snimaka, na osnovi kojih je analizirana građa, sociološki i sintaksonomski karakter asocijacije Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum te odnos prema srodnim asocijacijama na južnom i jugozapadnom rubu Panonske nizine i u susjednim područjima.A new association of beech forest with Sword-leaved Helleborine – Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum ass. nova was described in the colline-submontane belt of northern Croatia, on the south-western edge of the Pannonian Plain. The method of the Central European Phytocoenological School (Braun-Blanquet 1964) was used in the research. Statistical comparison was performed by using programs TURBOVEG (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001) and PRIMER 6 (Clarke & Gorley 2001). MDA and UPGMA methods were made by use of Bray-Curtis similarity index. The association was presented on the basis of 15 new and 132 already published phytocoenological relevés (Table 1). In Table 2 and Figure 3 the association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum was compared with the related beech forests of the Illyrian floristic province (north-western Croatia, eastern Slovenia, northern Bosnia), then with the Central European association Galio odorati-Fagetum from the colline-submontane positions of Austria and southern Germany, and finally with beech forests of the Carpathian part of Romania. The association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum is distributed at altitudes from 200 to 700 m, with terrain inclinations usually ranging between 10 and 20 degrees. It grows in the temperate climate with average temperatures from 9.5 to 10.7 °C and average rainfall from 800 to 1,100 mm. The parent bedrock is made up of loess and rhomboid layers generally overlaid with luvisol in a humus-accumulative horizon of medium acidity (pH about 5). The association is characterized by a relatively poor and homogeneous floristic composition, the absence of numerous species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion (the associations Hacquetio-Fagetum, Lamio orvalae-Fagetum, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum), the distinct prevalence of the species Festuca drymeia, Carex pilosa and Rubus hirtus, and the constancy of the species of Central European beech forests from the alliance Fagion sylvaticae and the order Fagetalia (Figure 2). Species of warmer and drier sites occur in moderate quantities. A synhorological analysis of the investigated association (according to Poldini 1992) gave the relatively expected results. Of the 206 species, 77 % belong to the widely distributed floral geoelement which does not characterize the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain in any particulars (cosmopolitan, circumboreal, Eurasian, Euro-Siberian, European, Mediterranean-Atlantic and others). In relation to beech forests of the Dinaric region, the studied stands completely lack the Illyrian and south-eastern European species that are important for the alliance Aremonio-Fagion, such as Rhamnus alpinus ssp. fallax, Geranium nodosum, Stellaria nemorum ssp. glochidiosperma, Scopolia carniolica, Euphorbia carniolica, Calamintha grandiflora, Omphalodes verna, and Hacquetia epipacis. The species Cardamine trifolia, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Cardamine kitaibelii, Cardamine chelidonia, Lamium orvala, Vicia oroboides, Aposeris foetida, Aremonia agrimonoides, Epimedium alpinum and Helleborus odorus were recorded individually and sporadically only on the edges of the range and in the boundary region with the communities of the Illyrian character. Only Ruscus hypoglossum and Cyclamen purpurascens are more constant in the entire range of the studied association. A large number of earlier works, especially those taken from the overview composed by an international team of phytocoenologists (Marinček et al. 1993), allow for the conclusion that the community Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum lacks the diagnostic species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion and its sub-alliances, on the basis of which it could be subordinated to them. According to these data and the analysis in Tables 1 and 2, these stands should be classified into the Central European alliance Fagion sylvaticae. The differentiating species towards the association Galio odorati-Fagetum and other Central European associations of the sub-alliance Galio odorati-Fagenion include Festuca drymeia, Polysichum setiferum, Cephalanthera longifolia, Ruscus hypoglossum, Rubus hirtus, Tilia tomentosa, Fraxinus ornus, and Potentilla micrantha. Investigations into the internal structure of these beech stands revealed the local dominance of the facieses of the species Carex pilosa and Festuca drymeia, but in over 60% of the cases they were recorded together. In addition to these two, another very important species in the diagnostic sense is Cephalanthera longifolia, which gave the association its name. This is a warmth-loving species of moderately acid to basic, predominantly dry sites, generally distributed in the colline and montane vegetation belt. Most phytocoenologists classify it into the sub-Mediterranean – Euro-Asian species. Sociologically, it belongs to the class Querco-Fagetea with a mild tendency towards the communities of the order Quercetalia pubescentis. The differentiating species Tilia tomentosa and Potentilla micrantha, with the centre of their distribution lying in the south-eastern part of Europe, are particularly important for the association. This stresses the transitional character of the association (see Figure 1). These investigations greatly contribute to the knowledge of the forest vegetation of Croatia and the boundary region of the Illyrian floristic province. The studied beech forests cover about forty thousand ha in Croatia. They have been described under the following names: Carici pilosae-Fagetum (Pelcer in: Cestar et al. 1983, Rauš et al. 1992, Trinajstić and Franjić 1999, Vukelić and Baričević 2002, 2003, Trinajstić 2007, Vukelić et al. 2007), partly under the name of Festuco drymeiae-Fagetum (Baričević 2002, Škvorc 2006, Škvorc et al. 2011, G. Horvat 2011, non Trinajstić and Cerovečki 2009), then as Polysticho setiferi-Fagetum (Baričević, Vukelić and Šapić 2009), while Marinček (1995) comprised them in the association Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum. The first three names were used earlier to describe the communities in other European areas (Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Italy), to which the stands from Croatia do not belong (compare Moriariu et al. 1968, Magic 1968, Ubaldi 1988, Coldea 1991, Oberdorfer 1992, Zupančič, Žagar and Surina 2000, and others), whereas the fourth community, Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum, differs from the former three by its composition and synsystematic affiliation. On the other hand, this confirms the assumption by Willner (2002) that a new, insufficiently investigated association which is related to the association Galio odorati-Fagetum in its lower positions begins southeast of the Alpine area and the range of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum. Analogously to the understanding of the scope of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum, the newly established association Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum would be relatively widely distributed on the south-western and southern edge of the Pannonian Plain and the transition to the Dinaric and Central Balkan area. Naturally, this does not exclude the establishment of the association Galio odorati-Fagetum southeast of its clearly identified range in the southeast of Austria. In fact, according to the research currently under way, it can be assumed that its south-eastern boundary (which Willner considers unclear) lies precisely in the fresh sites well supplied with nutrients on dystric brown soils above moderately acid substrates of the submontane – montane belt of the Croatian Pannonian mountains (Papuk, Psunj, Krndija). The synsystematic affiliation of association is:             Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger 1937                         Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawl. 1928 in Pawl. et al. 1928                                     Fagion sylvaticae Laquet 1926                                                 Galio odorati-Fagenion (Tx. 1955) Th. Müller 1959                                                             Cephalanthero longifoliae-Fagetum Vukelić, Baričević et Šapić ass. nova. hoc.loco. Nomenclature type is relevé 6 in Table 1