Enhancing The Security of Caesar Cipher Using Double Substitution Method

Abstract-Cryptography comes from the Greek words for "secret writing". The plain text is encrypted into the corresponding cipher text, using an algorithm and a key. Substitution and Transposition are two techniques used for converting data into non-readable form. Caesar Cipher is an example of substitution technique. In this paper we have proposed a cipher that uses basic encryption techniques of substitution and transposition. A single columnar transposition followed by a double substitution is applied on a Caesar cipher in order to make it a stronger and a more secure cipher

Achievable Sum-rate of variants of QAM over Gaussian Multiple Access Channel with and without security

The performance of next generation wireless systems (5G/6G and beyond) at the physical layer is primarily driven by the choice of digital modulation techniques that are bandwidth and power efficient, while maintaining high data rates. Achievable rates for Gaussian input and some finite constellations (BPSK/QPSK/QAM) are well studied in the literature. However, new variants of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) such as Cross-QAM (XQAM), Star-QAM (S-QAM), Amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK), and Hexagonal Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (H-QAM) are not studied in the context of achievable rates for meeting the demand of high data rates. In this paper, we study achievable rate region for different variants of M-QAM like Cross-QAM, H-QAM, Star-QAM and APSK. We also compute mutual information corresponding to the sum rate of Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (G-MAC), for hybrid constellation scheme, e.g., user 1 transmits using Star-QAM and user 2 by H-QAM. From the results, it is observed that S-QAM gives the maximum sum-rate when users transmit same constellations. Also, it has been found that when hybrid constellation is used, the combination of Star-QAM \& H-QAM gives the maximum rate. In the next part of the paper, we consider a scenario wherein an adversary is also present at the receiver side and is trying to decode the information. We model this scenario as Gaussian Multiple Access Wiretap Channel (G-MAW-WT). We then compute the achievable secrecy sum rate of two user G-MAC-WT with discrete inputs from different variants of QAM (viz, X-QAM, H-QAM and S-QAM).It has been found that at higher values of SNR, S-QAM gives better values of SSR than the other variants. For hybrid inputs of QAM, at lower values of SNR, combination of APSK and S-QAM gives better results and at higher values of SNR, combination of HQAM and APSK gives greater value of SSR.Comment: 11 Figures, two tables. Accepted for publication in IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Computer Vision (SPCV-2023

Jammu and Kashmir Post Article 370: A Comparative Overview of the Shifts

This study explores how Jammu and Kashmir s terrain has changed since Article 370 was repealed and provides a thorough comparative analysis of the socio-political and economic aspects of the area The goal of the study is to offer important insights into the ramifications of this historic event by examining the complex developments that have occurred since the constitutional amendment A thorough analysis of the pre- and post-Article 370 abrogation periods is included in the comparative overview Using a multidisciplinary approach the study incorporates information from a range of sources including government documents and scholarly literature By utilizing a variety of research approaches the study aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the changes in Jammu and Kashmi

Short term outcome of radial head arthroplasty in Mason type 3 and 4 fractures

Background: Radial head arthroplasty provides a suitable treatment in Mason type 3 and 4 3 fractures. Arthroplasty produces consistent results with a shorter learning curve than ORIF and prevents the late complications associated with radial head excision.Methods: After seeking approval from local institutional ethical committee 30 patients with Mason type 3 and 4 radial head fractures were admitted from outpatient department (OPD) of SKIMS MC and Hospital Bemina, Srinagar. The study was conducted from February 2019 to June 2020 in department of Orthopaedics SKIMS MC and Hospital Bemina, Srinagar. 30 patients with mean age of 25 years comprising of 9 females and 21 males underwent radial head arthroplasty and were followed up to a minimum of 1 year post-operatively.Results: Outcome was evaluated by assessing elbow functional performance using Mayo elbow performance (MEPI). No revisions were performed during the study. Two patients had implant backout and 6 patients had elbow stiffness.Conclusions: Radial head arthroplasty can be used successfully with most of excellent results for treatment of comminuted radial head fracture (Mason type III and IV radial head fractures). Over all radial head arthroplasty is a demanding option in type 3 and type 4 fractures which are not amenable to reconstruction

Para-tricipital approach for extra articular fractures of the distal humerus: a case series

Extra-articular fractures of the distal humerus are frequently managed surgically as these fractures are often unstable and have associated radial nerve injury. Different surgical approaches can be used to fix this fracture. We operated on a series of 9 patients with extra-articular fractures of the distal humerus utilizing the para-tricipital approach. Clinical outcomes were assessed by Mayo elbow performance score and visual analog scores. Radiological outcomes were assessed by plain radiographs. Time to union was an average of 4.2 months. Mean range of motion achieved at final follow-up was 122.50. Mean Mayo elbow performance score was 92.4. Excellent clinical results can be achieved by utilizing para-tricipital approach in extra-articular fractures of the distal humerus. Besides providing adequate exposure for rigid fracture fixation, this approach prevents the morbidity associated with triceps injury

Anestetički učinak propofola ili etomidata u starijih pasa uz premedikaciju butorfanolom i diazepamom

The study was conducted in geriatric dogs to evaluate the anesthetic effect of propofol and etomidate in dogs premedicated with butorphanol and diazepam. Twelve adult dogs (males and females) were used in the study and were randomly divided into two groups viz. group P (propofol) and group E (etomidate) six animals each. The dogs were premedicated with diazepam 0.25 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg fifteen minutes before induction intravenously and separately. General anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg in group P or etomidate 1 mg/kg in group E to effect and drugs were administered rapidly over a period of 45 seconds up to effect. Induction quality, recovery quality, and ataxia scores were recorded for each dog. Cardiopulmonary parameters (respiratory, pulse rates, pulse oximeter, and ECG recordings) were recorded before induction and immediately after intubation and before connection to the inhalant gas machine, using a multi-parameter monitor. The mean ± SE induction doses for the propofol and etomidate groups were 2.2 ± 0.16 and 0.97 ± 0.15 mg/kg respectively. Smooth intubation was observed in the propofol group as compared to the etomidate group, as laryngeal reflex was intact in this group. Physiological parameters (pulse rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximeter, capillary refill time, mucous membrane color, ECG recordings and blood pressure) did not vary significantly between the two groups during the anesthesia. There were more adverse reactions in the etomidate group as compared to the propofol group, but the differences were not significant. Neither of the anesthetics, etomidate and propofol, in dogs premedicated with butorphanol and diazepam, had any major adverse effect on the cardiopulmonary system in the geriatric dogs.Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bi se procijenio anestetički učinak propofola i etomidata u starijih pasa u kojih je za premedikaciju primijenjen butorfanol i diazepam. Dvanaest odraslih pasa (mužjaka i ženki) nasumično je podijeljeno u dvije skupine po šest jedinki: skupinu P (propofol) i skupinu E (etomidat). Psima je za premedikaciju apliciran diazepam u dozi od 0,25 mg/kg i butorfanol u dozi od 0,2 mg/kg intravenski i odvojeno, 15 minuta prije uvođenja u anesteziju. Opća anestezija inducirana je propofolom u dozi od 2 mg/kg u skupini P i etomidatom u dozi od 1 mg/kg u skupini E do učinka, a pripravci su primijenjeni brzo tijekom 45 sekundi do učinka. za svakog su psa zabilježeni kvaliteta uvođenja u anesteziju, oporavka i intenzitet ataksije. Srčano-plućni pokazatelji (disanje, srčani puls, pulsna oksimetrija i EKG) zabilježeni su prije uvođenja u anesteziju i odmah nakon intubacije te prije spajanja na respirator koristeći se multiparametrijskim monitorom. Prosječne ± SE doze za uvođenje u anesteziju bile su 2,2 ± 0,16 za propofol i 0,97 ± 0,15 mg/kg za etomidat. U skupini u kojoj je dan propofol primijećena je neometana intubacija u usporedbi sa skupinom u kojoj je dan etomidat, zbog izostanka laringealnog refleksa. Fiziološki pokazatelji (disanje, srčani puls, pulsna oksimetrija, vrijeme punjenja kapilara, boja sluznica, EKG i krvni tlak) nisu znakovito varirali u skupinama za vrijeme anestezije. Više je neželjenih reakcija bilo u skupini kojoj je dan etomidat, ali razlike nisu bile znakovite. zaključujemo da ni propofol ni etomidat nemaju znatnijih negativnih učinaka na srčano-plućni sustav starijih pasa kojima je za premedikaciju apliciran butorfanol i diazepam

Relationship between incidence of Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) and Chlorophyll content in leaves of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The present study on biochemical basis of resistance against Leucinodes orbonalis infestation was conducted during the year 2011-2012. The results revealed that highest chlorophyll-‘a’- content of 0.497 mg/gfw was recorded in the susceptible genotype SHB-1.The lowest amount of 0.319 and 0.381 mg/gfw was observed in the resistant genotypes Brinjal-85 and Local long respectively, which were significantly different from other evaluated genotypes. The chlorophyll ‘a’content was positively correlated with the brinjal shoot and fruit borer infestation. Thehighest chlorophyll -‘b’- content of 0.442 mg/gfw was recorded at 70 DAT (days after transplanting). The amount of chlorophyll -‘b’- varied significantly among the genotypes at different ages and decreased with the age of crop. The average highest amount of chlorophyll -‘b’- was estimated in the genotype SBH-1 which was significantly at par with hybrid SBH-2. The lowest chlorophyll -‘b’- content was recorded at 40 DAT in the genotype Brinjal-85 followed by Local Long. The lowest amount of total chlorophyll was estimated in the resistant variety as compared to susceptible therefore exhibiting lowest level of infestation

Clinico-epidemiological profile and treatment outcome of pituitary adenomas: a retrospective study

Background: Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinico-epidemiological profile and treatment outcome of pituitary adenomas. Methods: This was a retrospective study performed in the department of Radiation Oncology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, India, in which 30 cases diagnosed with pituitary adenoma from January 2016 to December 2021 were studied.  There clinical and epidemiological features, treatment, overall survival and follow-up data was analyzed. Results: Most patients were female in gender 17 (57%), and the incidence rate was higher in female patients than male. Microadenoma was seen in just 4 (13%) patients. Macroadenoma in 12 (40%) and giant tumours in 14 (47%). At three and five years, the overall survival rate was 92% and 83%, respectively. Additionally, patients who got adjuvant radiation had a higher overall survival rate (84% versus 76%, p=.833) than those who did not. Conclusions: Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for pituitary adenomas, able to achieve excellent disease control. Patients with pituitary adenomas should be identified at an early stage so that effective treatment can be implemented. Initial therapy is generally transsphenoidal surgery with irradiation reserved for patients who do not achieve adequate reduction in tumor size after surgery

Increasing the Implication of Endoscopy to a Wide Spectrum of Intraventricular Lesions: A Review of Our Experience

Introduction: Though traditional microsurgical techniques are the gold standard for intraventricular tumor resection, the morbidity and invasiveness of microsurgical approaches to the ventricular system have galvanized interest in neuroendoscopic resection. We present a case series to share our experience with endoscopic management of intraventricular lesion.Materials and Methods: 17 patients, both male and female, from 5 to 50 years of age were endoscopically operated during 1.5 years. Intraventricular lesions < 4cm, mildly vascular and soft in consistency were included. The average operative time was 90 minutes and the average hospital stay was 4 ± 1.5 days. Follow up was done at 2 weeks, 6weeks and at 6 months.Results: Out of 12 males and 5 females there were 6 colloid cysts, 3 supra sellar arachnoid cysts, 5 intraventri-cular tumors and 3 pineal tumors. Complete resection of lesion was achieved in 4 out of 6 patients with colloid cyst (66.6%). Size of supra sellar arachnoid cyst reduced along with improvement of hydrocephalus in all 3 patients (100%) Positive tumor biopsy was possible in 100% of cases. Adjuvant endoscopic third ventriculostomy was performed in 9 (52.9%). Septostomy was done in 1 (5.9%). Post op Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was required in 4 (23.5%) cases. There was no peri or post operative mortality.Conclusion: With proper patient selection endoscopic surgery can yield results at par with microsurgery with added benefits of minimum patient discomfort, shorter hospital stay and improved cosmetic results