Hormonal management of migraine at menopause.

In this review, we underline the importance of linking migraine to reproductive stages for optimal management of such a common disease across the lifespan of women. Menopause has a variable effect on migraine depending on individual vulnerability to neuroendocrine changes induced by estrogen fluctuations and on the length of menopausal transition. Indeed, an association between estrogen 'milieu' and attacks of migraine is strongly supported by several lines of evidence. During the perimenopause, it is likely to observe a worsening of migraine, and a tailored hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) to minimize estrogen/progesterone imbalance may be effective. In the natural menopause, women experience a more favourable course of migraine in comparison with those who have surgical menopause. When severe climacteric symptoms are present, postmenopausal women may be treated with continuous HRT. Even tibolone may be useful when analgesic overuse is documented. However, the transdermal route of oestradiol administration in the lowest effective dose should be preferred to avoid potential vascular risk

Different effects of tibolone and low-dose EPT in the management of postmenopausal women with primary headaches

Objective: The present randomized prospective study aimed to compare the effect of tibolone (T) with conventional low-dose estrogen-progestogen therapy (EPT) administered in a combined continuous regimen on the course of primary headaches in postmenopausal women requesting hormone therapy (HT) for climacteric complaints. Design: Forty women presenting for clinical evaluation of headache (migraine without aura and episodic tension-type headache) were enrolled. The observational period lasted 7 months during which women kept a diary of the clinical characteristics of headache attacks and analgesic use. Climacteric symptoms and both anxiety and depression were also measured. After a 1-month run-in period, women received two different HT regimens: 1 mg 17 beta-estradiol + 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate (EPT) or 2.5 mg T. Follow-up evaluations were planned after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Results: Although T did not affect the number of days with migraine without aura, it significantly reduced the number of hours during which pain intensity prohibited daily activities (P < 0.001) and the number of analgesics (P < 0.001) after 3 months. Conventional low-dose EPT administered in a combined continuous regimen was confirmed to have a mild, but negative, effect on the course of migraine without aura by increasing the number of days with head pain (P < 0.001) and the number of analgesics (P < 0.001). Interestingly, both treatments were effective in the management of episodic tension-type headache, significantly reducing the number of days with head pain, severity, and analgesic consumption. Conclusions: In postmenopausal headache sufferers, analgesics are more effective in alleviating severe head pain when women are treated with T in comparison with low-dose EPT for climacteric complaints

Tibolone reduced analgesics consumption in postmenopausal women with primary headaches

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Hypothalamic amenorrhea: an example of reproductive disadaptation

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is a common, non-organic and theoretically reversible form of anovulation due to reduced hypothalamic GnRH drive. Numerous studies suggest that this altered hypothalamic homeostasis is caused by a synergism between psychogenic challenge, promoted in part by dysfunctional attitudes, and metabolic compromise induced by undernutrition and overexercise. The recent growing interest in psychiatric comorbidity underlines the importance of reconsidering the boundaries between psychological disorders and somatic conditions. That not with standing, it is mandatory in gynecological endocrinology to explore the issue of secondary amenorrhea from a psychoneuroendocrine perspective in order to devise biopsychosocial interventions which address the individual distress. In this brief review we will try to critically discuss the issue providing evidences from personal studies as clues for better understanding the extent of the complex psychoneuroendocrine network controlling menstrual function