Winter Rye Cover Crop with Liquid Manure Injection Reduces Spring Soil Nitrate but Not Maize Yield

In maize-based cropping systems, leaching of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) to drainage tile and groundwater is a significant problem. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a winter rye cover crop planted after silage maize or soybean harvest and injected with liquid manure could decrease soil NO3-N without reducing the yield of the following maize crop. An experiment was conducted at 19 sites with predominant occurrence of Mollisols (15 out of 19 sites) in the upper Midwest USA immediately after soybean or maize silage harvest to compare a drilled rye cover crop and a non-cover crop control. Later in the fall, liquid swine or dairy manure was injected into the cover crop and control plots. Rye was terminated the following spring using herbicide, usually before reaching 20 to 25 cm in height, and incorporated with tillage at most sites, after which maize was planted and harvested as silage or grain. Across sites, soil NO3-N at rye termination was reduced by 36% (range = 4% to 67%) with rye compared to no rye. Nitrogen in aboveground rye biomass at termination ranged from 5 to 114 kg N ha−1 (mean = 51 kg N ha−1). Across sites, there was no significant difference in yield of maize silage or grain between treatments. These results demonstrate in a Mollisol-dominated region the potential of a winter rye cover crop planted before manure application to effectively reduce soil NO3-N without impacting yield of the following maize crop, thereby reducing risk of negative environmental impacts.Water Resources Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6028, USA Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6028, USA University of Minnesota Extension, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6028, USA Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6028, US

Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age: Secondary Distance Indicators

The formal division of the distance indicators into primary and secondary leads to difficulties in description of methods which can actually be used in two ways: with, and without the support of the other methods for scaling. Thus instead of concentrating on the scaling requirement we concentrate on all methods of distance determination to extragalactic sources which are designated, at least formally, to use for individual sources. Among those, the Supernovae Ia is clearly the leader due to its enormous success in determination of the expansion rate of the Universe. However, new methods are rapidly developing, and there is also a progress in more traditional methods. We give a general overview of the methods but we mostly concentrate on the most recent developments in each field, and future expectations. © 2018, The Author(s)

Functional characterization of novel allelic variants of CYP2C9 recently discovered in Southeast Asians

10.1124/jpet.105.091181Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics31531085-109

Tuberculosis : spatial and demographic incidence in Bradford 1980-82.

Between 1980 and 1982 the incidence of tuberculosis in Bradford Health Authority was approximately 20 times higher among the New Commonwealth and Pakistani population than the rest of the population. It was also possible to see a clustering of cases within this time period, spatially and demographically--in certain age groups and by sex. The difference between the two populations was not due to race but rather reflects the socioeconomic position that the New Commonwealth and Pakistani population has within Bradford as a whole. The incidence of non-Asian tuberculosis rose in 1982 due to an outbreak among unvaccinated young adults. Much still needs to be done to eradicate the environmental conditions within which the tubercle bacillus thrives as well as to educate the population at risk