Faire face à des questions de travail : les leviers mobilisés par des éleveurs laitiers

L’agriculture est-elle toujours une affaire de famille ? Cet ouvrage analyse les transformations du caractère familial de l’agriculture en France, mises en perspective avec quelques éclairages de situations dans les pays du Sud. La première partie de l’ouvrage rend compte des recompositions de l’exploitation agricole et de ses enjeux, exploitation qui est de moins en moins familiale, tout en le restant. Elle propose des cadres d’analyse élargis pour les appréhender. Les transformations des formes familiales d’agriculture sont abordées dans une deuxième partie par l’étude des mutations qui s’opèrent dans le travail en agriculture. Ces mutations amènent à questionner le sens du travail et les interfaces avec le vivre en famille et les activités non-agricoles, au-delà des seules problématiques d’organisation et de performances technico-économiques. La troisième partie de l’ouvrage montre que les cadres structurant l’activité agricole dépassent le champ de la famille et se renouvellent, en particulier dans les formes d’insertion territoriale, dans les modalités des processus d’innovation et par des reconfigurations de l’action collective de proximité. Finalement, les transformations du caractère familial, saisies dans le temps long des trajectoires d’exploitations, sont aussi observées dans les formes et stratégies de pérennisation et de transmission, qu’il s’agisse de transmettre un statut, une activité, une entreprise, un patrimoine, un outil de production ou encore des savoir-faire. Une synthèse conclusive propose un renouvellement des questions de recherche et plaide pour un décloisonnement des études en agriculture. L’ouvrage rassemble des travaux de recherche récents de chercheurs issus du département Sciences pour l’action et le développement (Sad) de l’Inra et de ses partenaires scientifiques et professionnels. Il fait une large place à des travaux de jeunes chercheurs et à des thèses récemment soutenues. D’abord destiné aux chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs, il s’adresse également aux organisations professionnelles (instituts techniques, réseaux associatifs, syndicats, chambres d’agriculture, etc.)

Balanced homodyne detection in second-harmonic generation microscopy

We demonstrate the association of two-photon nonlinear microscopy with balanced homodyne detection for investigating second harmonic radiation properties at nanoscale dimensions. Variation of the relative phase between second-harmonic and fundamental beams is retrieved, as a function of the absolute orientation of the nonlinear emitters. Sensitivity down to approximately 3.2 photon/s in the spatio-temporal mode of the local oscillator is obtained. This value is high enough to efficiently detect the coherent second-harmonic emission from a single KTiOPO4 crystal of sub-wavelength size.Comment: 9 pages to appear in Applied Physics Letter

Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

CODE AVAILABILITY : Programming R code is openly available together with the database from Figshare.SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 : Template for data collectionSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 2 : Data Descriptor WorksheetSpringtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.http://www.nature.com/sdatahj2024Plant Production and Soil ScienceSDG-15:Life on lan

Organisation du travail et sens du métier en élevage laitier

International audienc

Taking work into account in the production of benchmarks in organic livestock farming

International audienceIn a context very favorable to organic farming, the availability of benchmarks to accompany increasing conversions is necessary. Within the framework of the Bioref project, farmer' work has been taken into account in the production of these benchmarks, and this study reports the main results in five organic ruminant production systems: beef cattle, dairy cattle, meat sheep, dairy sheep and goats. Surveys were carried out in 32 farms using the Work assessment method supplemented by additional information on free time and the experience of work by farmers. The work situations observed in our sample are very diverse, influenced by the production sectors but also by strategies that are very common in these systems, such as the diversification (multiple productions) and valorization of the production (processing and/or direct sales). Farmers' organizational choices reflect a search for consistency with what they expect from their profession. The indicator provided by the Work Assessment Method to assess the liveability of the work situation (the room for maneuver in time), does not reflect the farmers' experience of their workload. This experience seems to be more affected by the lack of weekends or the absence of breaks due to processing and direct sales marketing activities. We explain the specificities of organic livestock work from the point of view of the farmers surveyed. These results confirm that taking work into account contribute to improve the relevance of benchmarks in organic livestock farming

Faire face à des questions de travail : les leviers mobilisés par des éleveurs laitiers

International audienc

Prendre en compte le sens du métier, l'organisation et la productivité du travail, pour mieux accompagner les éleveurs

International audienceTaking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers...) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems.Le travail en élevage est à la fois un facteur de production économique, une succession de tâches et de chantiers à organiser ainsi qu'une activité qui construit son identité personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nécessaire pour comprendre la complexité des situations de travail des éleveurs et contribuer à leur amélioration. Un guide d'entretien conçu par un groupe pluridisciplinaire (sociologues, économistes et zootechniciens) et de différents métiers (chercheurs, enseignants et conseillers), a servi l'analyse de 56 exploitations d'élevage françaises couvrant une large diversité d'orientation de production (sept filières sont représentées), de taille de collectifs de travail (de 1 à 42 travailleurs), de composition (associés, salariés, bénévoles…) et de bassin de production (six régions). L'approche compréhensive et multidisciplinaire met en évidence cinq profils d'éleveurs dont certains qui privilégient la qualité de vie dans des exploitations de dimensions raisonnables peuvent aussi assurer une viabilité économique satisfaisante. En Europe du Nord, l'analyse de 20 fermes de très grandes dimensions montre l'importance de la rationalisation des process, de l'externalisation des chantiers et du recours généralisé au salariat qui modifie fortement le métier des éleveurs. Dans chaque situation, le sens que donne l'éleveur à son métier et son projet de vie éclairent les choix technico-économiques et d'organisation du travail. La méthode et sa co-construction avec les conseillers, constituent une base concrète pour, "sur le terrain", susciter les demandes, offrir des services adaptés aux phases clés de l'exploitation et aussi inciter à des modifications de postures et à la création de dispositifs concertés d'accompagnement

Taking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work to better advise farmers

International audienc