Atomic Force Microscopy: a tool to unveil the mystery of biological systems

This article focuses on one of the promising and emerging nanolevel imaging techniques: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In recent studies, AFM has been extensively used to understand intricate biological phenomena like prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization, different DNA transaction activities, protein chaperoning and also protein-nucleic acid organization in viruses

Activation des lysines acétyltransférases (KAT) dans la mémoire spatiale : une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour les maladies de la mémoire, telles que la maladie d'Alzheimer

CREB Binding Protein (CBP) has an intrinsic lysine acetyltransferase activity and alsofunctions as a transcriptional co-activator. Both the acetyltransferase activity and the transcriptional co-activator function are critical for long-term memory formation. Importantly, CBP dysregulation has been observed in neurodegenerative conditions like in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. The focus of my thesis was to study the role of CBP and its activation by a new pharmacological tool, in the context of spatial memory formation, a form of memory that is very early dismantled in AD. Data obtained from my thesis clearly suggests that activation of CBP acetyltransferase function by small molecule activator CSP-TTK21 can improve memory related processes in healthy adult mice and also in a mouse model of AD, (THY-Tau22). Therefore, the strategy of pharmacological activation of CBP acetyltransferase activity has tremendous potential for use as therapeutics for the treatment of diseases related to memory impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease.La CREB Binding Protein (CBP) a une activité lysine acétyltransférase intrinsèque et fonctionne aussi comme un co-activateur transcriptionnel. L'activité acétyltransférase et la fonction de coactivateur transcriptionel sont toutes deux essentielles pour la formation de mémoire à long terme. De plus, la dérégulation de CBP a été observée dans des maladies neurodégénératives comme la maladie d'Alzheimer et la maladie de Huntington. L'objectif de ma thèse était d'étudier le rôle de la CBP et de son activation pharmacologique dans le cadre de la formation de la mémoire spatiale, une forme de mémoire qui est démantelé très tôt dans la MA. Les données obtenues à partir de ma thèse montrent que l'activation de la fonction acétyltransférase CBP par l’activateur CSP-TTK21 améliore les processus mnésiques chez des souris adultes normales et aussi dans un modèle murin de MA (THY-Tau22). Ainsi, la stratégie d’activation pharmacologique de l'activité acétyltransférase de CBP a un énorme potentiel pour une utilisation en tant qu'agent thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies liées à l'altération de la mémoire tel que la maladie d'Alzheimer

Sleep Deprivation and the Epigenome

Sleep deprivation disrupts the lives of millions of people every day and has a profound impact on the molecular biology of the brain. These effects begin as changes within a neuron, at the DNA and RNA level, and result in alterations in neuronal plasticity and dysregulation of many cognitive functions including learning and memory. The epigenome plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in the context of memory storage. In this review article, we begin by describing the effects of epigenetic alterations on the regulation of gene expression, focusing on the most common epigenetic mechanisms: (i) DNA methylation; (ii) histone modifications; and (iii) non-coding RNAs. We then discuss evidence suggesting that sleep loss impacts the epigenome and that these epigenetic alterations might mediate the changes in cognition seen following disruption of sleep. The link between sleep and the epigenome is only beginning to be elucidated, but clear evidence exists that epigenetic alterations occur following sleep deprivation. In the future, these changes to the epigenome could be utilized as biomarkers of sleep loss or as therapeutic targets for sleep-related disorders

Peptide-Protein Interactions Suggest That Acetylation of Lysines 381 and 382 of p53 Is Important for Positive Coactivator 4-p53 Interaction.

The human transcriptional positive coactivator 4 (PC4) activates several p53-dependent genes. It has been demonstrated that this is a consequence of direct interaction with p53. Previously,we have concluded that PC4 interacts mainly with the C-terminal negative regulatory domain of p53 through its DNA binding C-terminal half.NMRchemical shift perturbation studies with peptide fragments indicated that amino acids 380–386of p53 are crucial for interaction with PC4. This was verified by fluorescence anisotropy and sedimentation velocity studies. peptide consisting of p53-(380–386) sequence, when attached to a cell penetration tag and nuclear localization signal, localizes to the nucleus and inhibits luciferase gene expression from a transfected plasmid carrying a Luc gene under a p53-dependent promoter. Acetylation of lysine 382/381 enhanced the binding of this peptide to PC4 by about an order of magnitude.NMRand mutagenesis studies indicated that serine 73 of PC4 is an important residue for recognition of p53. Intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect placed aspartate 76 in the vicinity of lysine381, indicating that the region around residues 73–76 of PC4 is important for p53 recognition. We conclude that the 380–386 region of p53 interacts with the region around residues 73–76 of PC4, and acetylation of lysine 382/381 of p53 may play an important role in modulating p53-PC4 interaction and as a consequence PC4 mediated activation of p53 target genes

A single nucleotide polymorphism associated with hepatitis C virus infections located in the distal region of the IL28B promoter influences NF-κB-mediated gene transcription.

Persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is observed only in a subset of infected individuals and among them only some respond to treatment. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) carried out around the world identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL28B locus that are strongly associated with both HCV clearance and treatment response. The functional significance of these associations however, is not clear. In this report we show that an SNP rs28416813 in the distal promoter region of IL28B that is in close proximity to a non-consensus NF-κB-binding site affects downstream reporter gene expression. The effect is likely due to differential binding of NF-κB at the non-consensus site. The non-protective allele showed a reduction in luciferase reporter gene expression compared to the protective allele in HEK293T cells under different experimental conditions including treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and 5' triphosphorylated dsRNA. Furthermore, the HCV RNA polymerase was able to induce transcription from the IL28B promoter in a RIG-I-dependent manner. This induction was influenced by the alleles present at rs28416813. We also demonstrate strong linkage disequilibrium between rs28416813 and another important SNP rs12979860 in two ethnic populations. These results suggest possible mechanisms by which SNPs at the IL28B locus influence spontaneous clearance and treatment response in chronic HCV infections

Minor groove binder distamycin remodels chromatin but inhibits transcription.

The condensed structure of chromatin limits access of cellular machinery towards template DNA. This in turn represses essential processes like transcription, replication, repair and recombination. The repression is alleviated by a variety of energy dependent processes, collectively known as "chromatin remodeling". In a eukaryotic cell, a fine balance between condensed and de-condensed states of chromatin helps to maintain an optimum level of gene expression. DNA binding small molecules have the potential to perturb such equilibrium. We present herein the study of an oligopeptide antibiotic distamycin, which binds to the minor groove of B-DNA. Chromatin mobility assays and circular dichroism spectroscopy have been employed to study the effect of distamycin on chromatosomes, isolated from the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results show that distamycin is capable of remodeling both chromatosomes and reconstituted nucleosomes, and the remodeling takes place in an ATP-independent manner. Binding of distamycin to the linker and nucleosomal DNA culminates in eviction of the linker histone and the formation of a population of off-centered nucleosomes. This hints at a possible corkscrew type motion of the DNA with respect to the histone octamer. Our results indicate that distamycin in spite of remodeling chromatin, inhibits transcription from both DNA and chromatin templates. Therefore, the DNA that is made accessible due to remodeling is either structurally incompetent for transcription, or bound distamycin poses a roadblock for the transcription machinery to advance

ATP driven clathrin dependent entry of carbon nanospheres prefer cells with glucose receptors

Abstract Background Intrinsically fluorescent glucose derived carbon nanospheres (CSP) efficiently enter mammalian cells and also cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). However, the mechanistic details of CSP entry inside mammalian cells and its specificity are not known. Results In this report, the biochemical and cellular mechanism of CSP entry into the living cell have been investigated. By employing confocal imaging we show that CSP entry into the mammalian cells is an ATP-dependent clathrin mediated endocytosis process. Zeta potential studies suggest that it has a strong preference for cells which possess high levels of glucose transporters such as the glial cells, thereby enabling it to target individual organs/tissues such as the brain with increased specificity. Conclusion The endocytosis of Glucose derived CSP into mammalian cells is an ATP dependent process mediated by clathrin coated pits. CSPs utilize the surface functional groups to target cells containing glucose transporters on its membrane thereby implicating a potential application for specific targeting of the brain or cancer cells.</p

Histone H3K9 acetylation level modulates gene expression and may affect parasite growth in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Three-dimensional positioning of the nuclear genome plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of genes. Although nucleographic domain compartmentalization in the regulation of epigenetic state and gene expression is well established in higher organisms, it remains poorly understood in the pathogenic parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we report that two histone tail modifications, H3K9Ac and H3K14Ac, are differentially distributed in the parasite nucleus. We find colocalization of active gene promoters such as Tu1 (tubulin-1 expressed in the asexual stages) with H3K9Ac marks at the nuclear periphery. By contrast, asexual stage inactive gene promoters such as Pfg27 (gametocyte marker) and Pfs28 (ookinete marker) occupy H3K9Ac devoid zones at the nuclear periphery. The histone H3K9 is predominantly acetylated by the PCAF/GCN5 class of lysine acetyltransferases, which is well characterized in the parasite. Interestingly, embelin, a specific inhibitor of PCAF/GCN5 family histone acetyltransferase, selectively decreases total H3K9Ac acetylation levels (but not H3K14Ac levels) around the var gene promoters, leading to the downregulation of var gene expression, suggesting interplay among histone acetylation status, as well as subnuclear compartmentalization of different genes and their activation in the parasites. Finally, we found that embelin inhibited parasitic growth at the low micromolar range, raising the possibility of using histone acetyltransferases as a target for antimalarial therapy