171 research outputs found

    L’émergence de la notion de classique dans la musique chez Amadeus Wendt (1783-1836)

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    Haydn, Mozart et Beethoven, les trois maĂźtres du classicisme viennois, sont considĂ©rĂ©s par les romantiques (Tieck, Wackenroder, Hoffmann) comme ayant consacrĂ© l’autonomie de la musique, grĂące au dĂ©veloppement de la musique instrumentale. Ils se sont certes particuliĂšrement illustrĂ©s dans le domaine de la symphonie et de la musique de chambre, mais qu’en est-il de l’opĂ©ra ? Est-ce vraiment pour leur musique instrumentale qu’ils sont devenus classiques ? Amadeus Wendt, le premier Ă  avoir parlĂ© explicitement d’une pĂ©riode classique de la musique, voit dans la musique vocale le seul moyen pour la musique de s’humaniser, en ne perdant pas le lien avec la parole et avec l’action que les romantiques voulaient dĂ©faire. La mĂ©taphysique du romantisme fait de la musique un art autonome, mais isolĂ©. L’opĂ©ra, sommet de la pĂ©riode classique, a permis selon Wendt Ă  la musique instrumentale de se dĂ©velopper sans perdre son Ă©quilibre.Laut der Romantiker (Tieck, Wackenroder, Hoffmann) erwarb die Musik ihre SelbstĂ€ndigkeit durch die Behauptung der Instrumentalmusik bei den drei Meistern der Wiener Klassik, nĂ€mlich Haydn, Mozart und Beethoven. Im Gebiet der Symphonie sowie der Kammermusik ragten sie in der Tat hervor, aber wie ist es mit der Oper ? Sind sie wirklich wegen ihrer Instrumentalmusik zu Klassikern geworden ? Nach Amadeus Wendt, bei dem eine klassische Periode der Musik zum ersten Mal ausdrĂŒcklich genannt wurde, kann die Musik erst durch die vokalmusikalische Verbindung zwischen Tonkunst, Wort und Handlung, die die Romantiker auflösen wollten, menschlicher werden. Mit der Metaphysik der Romantik wird die Musik zwar eine selbstĂ€ndige, aber auch eine isolierte Kunst. Wendt zufolge ermöglichte die Oper als Gipfel der klassischen Periode die ausgeglichene Herausbildung der Instrumentalmusik.According to the romantic writers (Tieck, Wackenroder, Hoffmann), the three masters of Viennese classicism, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, developed instrumental music in such a way that music went to full autonomy. They certainly became particularly famous in the field of symphony and chamber music, but what about opera ? Is instrumental music what made them classical ? According to Amadeus Wendt, who was the first to speak explicitly about a classical period in music, vocal music maintains the link – which romantic writers intended to break – between music, word and acting, and is therefore the only means for music to become more human. The metaphysics of the romanticism make music autonomous but isolated. Opera, the height of classical period, is in Wendt’s opinion what allowed instrumental music to develop without losing its balance

    Dynamics of Particle Migration in Confined ViscoElastic Poiseuille Flows

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    Particles migrate in the transverse direction of the flow due to the existence of normal stress anisotropy in weakly viscoelastic liquids. We test the ability of theoretical predictions to predict the transverse velocity migration of particles in a confined Poiseuille flow according to the viscoelastic constitutive parameters of dilute polymers solutions. Firstly, we carefully characterize the viscoelastic properties of two families of dilute polymer solutions at various concentrations using shear rheometry and capillary breakup experiments. Secondly, we develop a specific 3D particle tracking velocimetry method to measure with a high accuracy the dynamics of particles focusing in flow for Weissenberg numbers Wi ranging from 10−210^{-2} to 10−110^{-1} and particle confinement ÎČ\beta of 0.1 and 0.2. The results show unambiguously that the migration velocity scales as WiÎČ2\text{Wi}\beta^2, as expected theoretically for weakly elastic flows of an Oldroyd-B liquid. We conclude that classic constitutive viscoelastic laws are relevant to predict particle migration in dilute polymer solutions whereas detailed analysis of our results reveals that theoretical models overestimate by a few tenth the efficiency of particle focusing.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure

    Evidence for coeval Late Triassic terrestrial impacts from the Rochechouart (France) meteorite crater

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    High temperature impact melt breccias from the Rochechouart (France) meteorite crater record magnetization component with antipodal, normal and reverse polarities. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole for this component lies between the 220 Ma and 210 Ma reference poles on the Eurasian apparent polar wander path, consistent with the 214 ±\pm 8 Ma 40Ar/39Ar age of the crater. Late Triassic tectonic reconstructions of the Eurasian and North American plates place this pole within 95% confidence limits of the paleomagnetic pole from the Manicouagan (Canada) meteorite impact crater, which is dated at 214 ±\pm 1 Ma. Together, these observations reinforce the hypothesis of a Late Triassic, multiple meteorite impact event on Earth

    The influence of hormones on cell division : I. Time-response of ear, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland and ventral prostate of castrate male mice to a single injection of estradiol benzoate

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    The development of mitotic activity following the administration of a small dose of estradiol benzoate has been followed in the epithelia of ear, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland of the castrate male mouse. Intrinsic and extrinsic variability have been closely controlled. All tissues respond to estrogen by increased mitotic activity. Seminal vesicle and coagulating gland reach the highest absolute values; ear is intermediate in response; and ventral prostate responds weakly. Ear epidermis responds significantly within 6 hours after hormone administration; seminal vesicle and coagulating gland respond significantly about 24 hours following treatment; and significantly elevated activity is not noted in ventral prostate until 72 hours after hormone treatment. Periodic fluctuations are noted in the mitotic activity curves which suggest the presence of tissue specific rhythms in addition to the previously demonstrated 24-hour mitotic cyle. These results are discussed in terms of the hormonal effects upon the metabolic systems which may be involved in mitotic activity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32517/1/0000608.pd

    Tectonic evolution of the Rehamna metamorphic dome (Morocco) in the context of the Alleghanian-Variscan orogeny

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    Structural and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological investigations of the Rehamna Massif (Meseta, Moroccan Variscan belt) provide new constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Alleghanian-Variscan orogen during the Upper Paleozoic. Three main tectonic events have been recognized: (1) Southward thrusting of an Ordovician sequence over the Proterozoic basement, its Cambrian sedimentary cover, and the overlying Devono-Carboniferous basin. This event caused subhorizontal shearing and prograde Barrovian metamorphism of the buried rocks. (2) Continuous shortening resulting in the development of a synconvergent extrusion of metamorphosed units to form a dome elongated E-W. This was responsible for synconvergent detachment of the Ordovician upper crustal sequence. The timing of these two episodes is constrained to 310–295 Ma by cooling and metamorphic amphibole and mica ages (3) A NW-WNW convergence in a direction orthogonal to the previous one and characterized by the accretion of the Rehamna dome to the continental basement in the east. Based on 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from a syntectonic granitoid and its host rocks and metamorphic 40Ar/39Ar ages from greenschist facies mylonite, the timing of this event falls between 295 and 280 Ma. The end of the Variscan orogeny in the Moroccan Meseta is constrained by the 40Ar/39Ar cooling age of a posttectonic pluton dated at ~275 Ma. The tectonic events highlighted in Morocco coincide with the late Variscan-Alleghanian tectonic evolution of southern Europe and North America and can be correlated with the global reorganization of plates that accompanied suturing of Pangaea at around 295 Ma.Peer reviewe

    L’excùs du classique

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    La musique de Ludwig van Beethoven constitue Ă  la fois la continuation du style classique et un moment pour le moins insolite de celui-ci, qu’on peut Ă  tous Ă©gards qualifier d’excessif. Il s’agit d’interroger la notion du classique appliquĂ©e Ă  la musique, pour faire apparaĂźtre que l’excĂšs beethovĂ©nien n’en constitue pas une dĂ©viance ou une transgression, mais son accomplissement.Ludwig van Beethovens Musik setzt die Wiener Klassik fort, aber sie erscheint auch als ein höchst spezifisches Moment dieser Periode, das durch seinen exzessiven Charakter gekennzeichnet ist. Die Anwendung des Begriffs der Klassik im Bereich der Musik ist daher zu prĂ€zisieren. So wird deutlich, dass der Beethoven’sche Exzess keine Abweichung oder Übertretung der Klassik darstellt, sondern vielmehr als deren Vollendung anzusehen ist

    GenÚses de la structure : entre musique et philosophie

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    E.T.A. Hoffmann invente la notion de structure pour dĂ©crire la forme musicale, lorsque, dans la cĂ©lĂšbre recension de la CinquiĂšme symphonie de Beethoven, il l’emploie pour dĂ©fendre le compositeur contre les accusations de fantaisie dĂ©bridĂ©e et d’imagination dĂ©sordonnĂ©e. Mais est-ce Ă  dire que l’écrivain romantique est un prĂ©curseur du structuralisme ? Le langage musical a selon lui un sens spirituel qui ne se laisse pas rĂ©duire Ă  l’analyse structurelle. NĂ©cessaire Ă  la pensĂ©e de la musique, la notion de structure est nĂ©anmoins insuffisante car elle ne relĂšve prĂ©cisĂ©ment que de la pensĂ©e langagiĂšre. La structure est une Ă©chelle pour s’élever au-dessus d’une Ă©coute chaotique, mais dont il faut se dĂ©barrasser si on veut retrouver la signification de la musique. La pensĂ©e de l’art, du point de vue du romantisme hoffmannien, est aussi une autocritique de la pensĂ©e face Ă  l’art.E.T.A. Hoffmann discovered the notion of structure to describe musical form, and used it in his review of Beethoven’s Fifth symphony to reject the charges of unbridled fantasy and untidy imagination. Does that mean, however, that Hoffmann – in his romantic approach – was a forerunner of structuralism ? According to him, the musical language has a spiritual meaning, so it can’t be reduced to a structural analysis. The notion of structure is necessary to the thought of music – but it is not enough, precisely because it’s relevant only to linguistic thought. To get over a chaotic listening, structure is a ladder we have to get rid of if we want to recover musical meaning. From the point of view of Hoffmann’s romanticism, the thought of art also implies self-criticism of thought in relation to art

    L’excùs du classique

    No full text
    La musique de Ludwig van Beethoven constitue Ă  la fois la continuation du style classique et un moment pour le moins insolite de celui-ci, qu’on peut Ă  tous Ă©gards qualifier d’excessif. Il s’agit d’interroger la notion du classique appliquĂ©e Ă  la musique, pour faire apparaĂźtre que l’excĂšs beethovĂ©nien n’en constitue pas une dĂ©viance ou une transgression, mais son accomplissement.Ludwig van Beethovens Musik setzt die Wiener Klassik fort, aber sie erscheint auch als ein höchst spezifisches Moment dieser Periode, das durch seinen exzessiven Charakter gekennzeichnet ist. Die Anwendung des Begriffs der Klassik im Bereich der Musik ist daher zu prĂ€zisieren. So wird deutlich, dass der Beethoven’sche Exzess keine Abweichung oder Übertretung der Klassik darstellt, sondern vielmehr als deren Vollendung anzusehen ist
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