Supraspinal modulation of neuronal synchronization by nociceptive stimulation induces an enduring reorganization of dorsal horn neuronal connectivity

Despite a profusion of information on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the central sensitization produced by intense nociceptive stimulation, the changes in the patterns of functional connectivity between spinal neurones associated with the development of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia remain largely unknown. Here we show that the state of central sensitization produced by the intradermal injection of capsaicin is associated with structured transformations in neuronal synchronization that lead to an enduring reorganization of the functional connectivity within a segmentally distributed ensemble of dorsal horn neurones. These changes are transiently reversed by the systemic administration of small doses of lidocaine, a clinically effective procedure to treat neuropathic pain. Lidocaine also reduces the capsaicin-induced facilitation of the spinal responses evoked by weak mechanical stimulation of the skin in the region of secondary but not primary hyperalgesia. The effects of both intradermic capsaicin and systemic lidocaine on the segmental correlation and coherence between ongoing cord dorsum potentials and on the responses evoked by tactile stimulation in the region of secondary hyperalgesia are greatly attenuated in spinalized preparations, showing that supraspinal influences are involved in the reorganization of the nociceptive-induced structured patterns of dorsal horn neuronal connectivity. We conclude that the structured reorganization of the functional connectivity between the dorsal horn neurones induced by capsaicin nociceptive stimulation results from cooperative interactions between supraspinal and spinal networks, a process that may have a relevant role in the shaping of the spinal state in the pathogenesis of chronic pain and analgesia.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Markovian analysis of the sequential behavior of the spontaneous spinal cord dorsum potentials induced by acute nociceptive stimulation in the anesthetized cat

In a previous study we developed a Machine Learning procedure for the automatic identification and classification of spontaneous cord dorsum potentials (CDPs). This study further supported the proposal that in the anesthetized cat, the spontaneous CDPs recorded from different lumbar spinal segments are generated by a distributed network of dorsal horn neurons with structured (non-random) patterns of functional connectivity and that these configurations can be changed to other non-random and stable configurations after the noceptive stimulation produced by the intradermic injection of capsaicin in the anesthetized cat. Here we present a study showing that the sequence of identified forms of the spontaneous CDPs follows a Markov chain of at least order one. That is, the system has memory in the sense that the spontaneous activation of dorsal horn neuronal ensembles producing the CDPs is not independent of the most recent activity. We used this markovian property to build a procedure to identify portions of signals as belonging to a specific functional state of connectivity among the neuronal networks involved in the generation of the CDPs. We have tested this procedure during acute nociceptive stimulation produced by the intradermic injection of capsaicin in intact as well as spinalized preparations. Altogether, our results indicate that CDP sequences cannot be generated by a renewal stochastic process. Moreover, it is possible to describe some functional features of activity in the cord dorsum by modeling the CDP sequences as generated by a Markov order one stochastic process. Finally, these Markov models make possible to determine the functional state which produced a CDP sequence. The proposed identification procedures appear to be useful for the analysis of the sequential behavior of the ongoing CDPs recorded from different spinal segments in response to a variety of experimental procedures including the changes produced by acute nociceptive stimulation. They are envisaged as a useful tool to examine alterations of the patterns of functional connectivity between dorsal horn neurons under normal and different pathological conditions, an issue of potential clinical concern.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Supraspinal shaping of adaptive transitions in the state of functional connectivity between segmentally distributed dorsal horn neuronal populations in response to nociception and antinociception

In the anesthetized cat the correlation between the ongoing cord dorsum potentials(CDPs) recorded from different lumbar spinal segments has a non-random structure,suggesting relatively stable patterns of functional connectivity between the dorsalhorn neuronal ensembles involved in the generation of these potentials. During thenociception induced by the intradermic injection of capsaicin, the patterns of segmentalcorrelation between the spontaneous CDPs acquire other non-random configurationsthat are temporarily reversed to their pre-capsaicin state by the systemic injectionof lidocaine, a procedure known to decrease the manifestation of neuropathic painin both animals and humans. We have now extended these studies and utilizedmachine learning for the automatic extraction and selection of particular classes ofCDPs according to their shapes and amplitudes. By using a Markovian analysis, wedisclosed the transitions between the different kinds of CDPs induced by capsaicinand lidocaine and constructed a global model based on the changes in the behaviorof the CDPs generated along the whole set of lumbar segments. This allowed theidentification of the different states of functional connectivity within the whole ensembleof dorsal horn neurones attained during nociception and their transitory reversal bysystemic administration of lidocaine in preparations with the intact neuroaxis and afterspinalization. The present observations provide additional information on the stateof self-organized criticality that leads to the adaptive behavior of the dorsal hornneuronal networks during nociception and antinociception both shaped by supraspinaldescending influencesPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Principais eixos de pesquisa no âmbito da educação superior no Peru: Em direção a uma priorização concertada

As part of the efforts to prioritize lines of research in the field of higher education in Peru, the project Improvement of Higher Education Quality (PROCALIDAD) convened management specialists and members of academia to create working groups. After the presentation of a characterization of the general problem in this field, a debate was started, and this concluded in the preparation of a joint proposal for a research agenda, which prioritized certain lines such as (a) the need for articulation between basic and higher education for a generation of competencies in the applicants; (b) the need to emphasize the teaching professional career aimed at improving the quality of educational institutions; (c) the need to seek alternative financing mechanisms involving the private sector; (d) the need for greater clarity in existing regulations and standards, and (e) the need to foster the connection between higher education, business, and State, in order to achieve a higher level of competitiveness and development. These guidelines will allow to expand the discussion and generate a series of public policies conducive to strengthening research in higher education institutions and promoting more relevant research for the country in the medium and long term.Como parte de los esfuerzos de priorización de líneas de investigación en el ámbito de la educación superior en el Perú, el Proyecto Mejoramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior (Procalidad) convocó a especialistas en gestión y a miembros de la academia para la conformación de mesas de trabajo. En ellas, tras la presentación de una caracterización de la problemática general en este campo, se generó un debate que culminó en la elaboración de una propuesta conjunta de agenda de investigación, que priorizó determinadas líneas. Entre las que los participantes destacaron se incluye (a) la necesidad de articulación entre la educación básica y la superior para una generación de competencias en los postulantes, (b) la necesidad de poner énfasis en la carrera docente orientada a la mejora de la calidad de las instituciones educativas, (c) la necesidad de la búsqueda de mecanismos alternativos de financiamiento que involucren al sector privado, (d) la necesidad de una mayor claridad en la regulación y normatividad existentes, y (e) la necesidad de un impulso mayor al vínculo entre la educación superior, las empresas y el Estado, en aras de lograr un nivel más alto de competitividad y desarrollo. Estos lineamientos constituyen una pauta que permitirá expandir la discusión y generar una serie de políticas públicas conducentes a fortalecer la investigación en las instituciones de educación superior y promover investigaciones más pertinentes para el país en el mediano y largo plazo.Como parte dos esforços de priorização de linhas pesquisa no âmbito da investigação da educação superior no Peru, o Projeto Melhoramento da Qualidade da Educação Superior (PROCALIDAD) convocou a especialistas em gestão e a membros da academia para a conformação de mesas de trabalho. Em elas, após a apresentação de uma caracterização da problemática geral neste campo, surgiu um debate que culminou com a elaboração de uma proposta conjunta de agenda de investigação, que priorizou determinadas linhas como (a) a necessidade de articulação entre a educação básica e a superior para uma geração de  competências nos candidatos, (b) a necessidade de pôr ênfase na carreira docente orientada à melhora da qualidade das instituições educativas, (c) a necessidade da busca de  mecanismos alternativos de financiamento que envolvam o setor privado, (d) a necessidade de uma maior clareza na regulação e normatividade existentes, e (e) a necessidade de um impulso maior ao vínculo entre a educação superior, as empresas e o Estado, com o intuito de alcançar um nível mais alto de competitividade e desenvolvimento. Estes lineamentos constituem uma pauta que permitirá expandir a discussão e gerar uma série de políticas públicas que fortaleçam a pesquisa nas instituições de educação superior e promovam investigações mais pertinentes para o país no médio e longo prazo

The stigma against tuberculosis in students of the faculty of medicine of a public university, 2017

Introducción. La tuberculosis es un problema de salud pública en nuestro país. Los pacientes afectados tardan en acceder a los servicios de salud entre otros factores por el estigma y discriminación social que se tiene de esta enfermedad en la población. Además, el estigma tiene impacto en la relación social y familiar de los pacientes afectados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue cuantificar el estigma en estudiantes de la facultad de medicina de una universidad pública. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario previamente validado a estudiantes de los tres primeros años de la facultad de medicina, con la finalidad de cuantificar el estigma a la tuberculosis. Resultados. Se aplicó el cuestionario a 505 estudiantes de la facultad de medicina. El 39% de la población estudiantil mostró un moderado y gran estigma frente a las personas afectadas por tuberculosis; asimismo, el 38% mostró un leve estigma y 23% no presentó estigma frente a esta enfermedad. Conclusiones. Existe moderado y gran estigma en 39% de los estudiantes de la facultad de medicina estudiados.Introduction. Tuberculosis is a public health problem in our country. Affected patients are slow to access health services, among other factors due to the stigma and social discrimination that this disease has in the population. In addition, stigma has an impact on the social and family relationship of affected patients. The objective of the present study was to quantify the stigma in students of the faculty of medicine of a public university. Methods. An observational, descriptive and transversal study was carried out. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to students of the first three years of medical school, in order to quantify the stigma of tuberculosis. Results. The questionnaire was applied to 505 students of the medical school. 39% of the student population showed a moderate and great stigma in front of the people affected by tuberculosis; likewise, 38% showed a slight stigma and 23% did not present stigma against this disease. Conclusions. There is moderate and great stigma in 39% of the students of the medical school studied

Relación entre la prevalencia de caries de infancia temprana y el tipo de lactancia en niños de 2 a 5 años de edad de la Institución Educativa Inicial Particular Pasitos – Cusco 2019

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre la prevalencia de caries de infancia temprana y el tipo de lactancia en niños de 2 a 5 años de edad de la Institución Educativa Inicial Particular Pasitos - Cusco 2019. El alcance y tipo del estudio fue: correlacional, no experimental, transversal, de campo, observacional, comunicacional, prospectivo, donde participaron 105 niños de 24 a 71 meses de edad de la Institución Educativa Inicial Particular “Pasitos”. Se aplicó un cuestionario acerca de parámetros de lactancia y cepillado dental a los padres de familia y una ficha clínica a los niños, de donde se extrajo el índice ceo-d. Como resultado se obtuvo que la prevalencia de caries de infancia temprana fue 95.2%, el mayor porcentaje de tipo de lactancia fue la lactancia mixta con un 81.0%, la mayor frecuencia de cepillado fue de 2 veces al día con un 56.2%. En conclusión, no existe relación entre la prevalencia de caries de infancia temprana y el tipo de lactancia en los niños de 2 a 5 años de edad. Se recomienda mejorar las estrategias preventivo-promocionales y realizar capacitaciones sobre técnicas de cepillado, ya que la prevalencia de caries es alta.The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the prevalence of early childhood caries and the type of lactation in children from 2 to 5 years of age at the Initial Educational Institution Private Pasitos - Cusco 2019. The scope and type of the study was: correlational, non-experimental, transversal, field, observational, communicational, prospective, where 105 children aged from 24 to 71 months of the Initial Educational Institution Private Pasitos participated. A questionnaire about lactation and toothbrushing parameters was applied to the parents and a clinical record to the children, from which the ceo-d index was extracted. As a result, it was obtained that the prevalence of early childhood caries was 95.2%, the highest percentage of type of lactation was mixed lactation with 81.0%, the highest frequency of brushing was 2 times a day with 56.2%. In conclusion, there is no relationship between the prevalence of early childhood caries and the type of lactation in children from 2 to 5 years of age. It is recommended to improve preventive-promotional strategies and conduct training on brushing techniques, since the prevalence of caries is high

Ingeniería de vías metabólicas para la producción de tirosina y melanina a partir de glucosa en Escherichia coli / tesis que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Bioquímicas, presenta María Inés Chávez Béjar ; asesor Guillermo Gosset Lagarda

. 124, [7] páginas : ilustraciones. Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas UNAM, Instituto de Biotecnología, 201

Diseño de identidad: imagen y mobiliario urbano de Miraflores

En este proyecto se tuvo el objetivo de diseñar mobiliario urbano para el comedor comunitario, el Centro de Desarrollo Juvenil e Infantil y el andador, así como crear un sistema de comunicación visual, como señalética, para guiar, informar y organizar a la comunidad de Miraflores, Juanacatlán

La imagen de la ciudad de Ayacucho: tres coyunturas de expansión

Hasta mediados del siglo XX, Ayacucho se caracterizó por ser una ciudad pequeña y conservadora. Su configuración espacial obedecía a patrones de organización y separación social y étnica heredados de la colonia. Así, el trazado de las calles (sendas) y la arquitectura de las casas mantenían el patrón introducido por sus fundadores en el siglo XVI: una plaza central desde donde se trazan las calles en línea recta hacia diferentes puntos de la ciudad y una arquitectura compuesta por casonas señoriales