Magnetic, orbital and charge ordering in the electron-doped manganites

The three dimensional perovskite manganites in the range of hole-doping $x > 0.5$ are studied in detail using a double exchange model with degenerate $e_g$ orbitals including intra- and inter-orbital correlations and near-neighbour Coulomb repulsion. We show that such a model captures the observed phase diagram and orbital-ordering in the intermediate to large band-width regime. It is argued that the Jahn-Teller effect, considered to be crucial for the region $x<0.5$, does not play a major role in this region, particularly for systems with moderate to large band-width. The anisotropic hopping across the degenerate $e_g$ orbitals are crucial in understanding the ground state phases of this region, an observation emphasized earlier by Brink and Khomskii. Based on calculations using a realistic limit of finite Hund's coupling, we show that the inclusion of interactions stabilizes th e C-phase, the antiferromagnetic metallic A-phase moves closer to $x=0.5$ while th e ferromagnetic phase shrinks in agreement with recent observations. The charge ordering close to $x=0.5$ and the effect of reduction of band-width are also outlined. The effect of disorder and the possibility of inhomogeneous mixture of competing states have been discussed.Comment: 42 pages, 16 figure

Overview of the TCV tokamak experimental programme

The tokamak a configuration variable (TCV) continues to leverage its unique shaping capabilities, flexible heating systems and modern control system to address critical issues in preparation for ITER and a fusion power plant. For the 2019-20 campaign its configurational flexibility has been enhanced with the installation of removable divertor gas baffles, its diagnostic capabilities with an extensive set of upgrades and its heating systems with new dual frequency gyrotrons. The gas baffles reduce coupling between the divertor and the main chamber and allow for detailed investigations on the role of fuelling in general and, together with upgraded boundary diagnostics, test divertor and edge models in particular. The increased heating capabilities broaden the operational regime to include T (e)/T (i) similar to 1 and have stimulated refocussing studies from L-mode to H-mode across a range of research topics. ITER baseline parameters were reached in type-I ELMy H-modes and alternative regimes with \u27small\u27 (or no) ELMs explored. Most prominently, negative triangularity was investigated in detail and confirmed as an attractive scenario with H-mode level core confinement but an L-mode edge. Emphasis was also placed on control, where an increased number of observers, actuators and control solutions became available and are now integrated into a generic control framework as will be needed in future devices. The quantity and quality of results of the 2019-20 TCV campaign are a testament to its successful integration within the European research effort alongside a vibrant domestic programme and international collaborations

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Simple tank-to-wheels analysis tool for future vehicle powertrains

The future powertrains have to be properly assessed in early stages of vehicle design using simple and fast but reliable tools. The aim of the paper is to develop a simulation tool suitable for any of current transient cycles for finding of upper limits of tank-to-wheel efficiencies of recent or future vehicle powertrains in different concepts of vehicles to assess their potential, to find gaps between the state-of-the-art and to find ways to bridge them. The simulation philosophy and procedure may be described in the following steps. The testing cycle power demands on vehicle movement are analyzed and the optimum operation efficiency of a primary mover (engine, fuel cell, electric motor) is assigned to them. Dynamic torques at powertrain are accounted for. Speed, speed slip (driving machine/wheels) and load dependencies of transmission efficiency are simulated by simple models. In the case of a hybrid solution, charging and discharging efficiencies of energy accumulators and additional losses (e.g., in converters and inverters) are considered. The clear modular structure of the simulation tool enables the researcher to amend new features of powertrain components. The links to more detailed simulation tools are prepared. The simulation tool is described by regression and algebraic models (based on the results of higher level simulation tools) in a way giving immediate response during sensitivity analysis. The examples of tool calibration for different powertrains and results comparing powertrain potential are presented for lower medium class passenger car. The current simulation tool creates a useful link between detailed and accurate but CPU time demanding 1-D tools, based on partial differential equations, and rules-of-thumb, used sometimes for initial potential assessments. Moreover, the described tool does not require detailed data on the powertrain during early stage of design but it shows its potential for further development

Barley starch

This thesis examined barley amylopectin structure and looked for correlations between the structure and physical properties of starch. The structure of amylopectin and gelatinisation and retrogradation of starch were studied in 10 different barley cultivars/breeding lines with differing genetic background. Amylopectin is built up of thousands of chains of glucose monomers, organised into clusters. The detailed fine structure of amylopectin was studied by isolating clusters of amylopectin and their building blocks, which are the tightly branched units building up the clusters. Barley cultivars/breeding lines possessing the amo1 mutation had fewer long chains of DP≥38 in amylopectin and more large building blocks. The structure of building blocks was rather conserved between the different barley cultivars/breeding lines studied and was categorized into different size groups. These different building blocks were shown to be randomly distributed in the amylopectin molecule. The C-chains in amylopectin can be of any length and are a category of chains different from the B-chains. The backbone in amylopectin consists of a special type of B-chains which, when cleaved by α-amylase, become chains of a similar type to C-chains. Gelatinisation and retrogradation (recrystallisation of gelatinised starch) of barley starch was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The amo1 mutation resulted in a broader gelatinisation temperature range and a higher enthalpy of retrogradation. Other structural features were also found to influence the physical properties of starch. Small clusters and denser structure of the building blocks resulted in higher gelatinisation temperature. Fast retrogradation was observed in barley which had amylopectin with shorter chains and many large building blocks consisting of many chains. Amylopectin structure was also studied in developing barley kernels. Three barley cultivars/breeding lines were grown in a phytotron and kernels were harvested at 9, 12 and 24 days after flowering. The results showed that amylopectin synthesized at later stages of development had a more tightly branched structure. Expression of the enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis is also known to change during endosperm development