Some observations on arkshell clams, Noetia ponderosa and Anadara ovalis, and implications for fisheries management

Two species of arkshell or blood clams, Noetia ponderosa (ponderous ark) and Anadara ovalis (blood ark), have been harvested by watermen on the Eastern shore in Virginia since 1991. There is little information on the life history of these species in Virginia waters. The intensive harvesting of blood clams and paucity of data on important factors such as distribution, densities, growth rates, and size-age relationships present a problem for management of the fishery. The primary purpose of this study is to provide some basic information on blood clams for management of the fishery. We focused on age-size relationships and growth rates of clams. Some data were also collected on densities of blood clams and size-frequency distributions in fisheries and non-fisheries samples, as well as some morphometric data

A study of the arkshell clams, Noetia ponderosa (Say 1822) and Anadara ovalis (Bruguière 1789), in the oceanside lagoons and tidal creeks of Virginia

Two species of arkshell (\u27\u27blood\u27\u27) clams. Noelia ponderosa and Anadara ova/is. have recently been targeted by watermen on the eastern shore of Virginia for sale to both East and West Coast markets in the United States. Until 1991. fishermen caught both species in the harvest of oysters and hard clams, and discarded them as bycatch with little value. Very little is known about either species of blood clam. and preliminary data from a pilot study in 1993 indicated that they were being over-fished. We conducted a survey in September 1994 in the oceanside lagoon system along the eastern shore of Accomac and Nonhampton Counties, Virginia. and collected data on density. abundance. habitat preference. age-size and morphometric relationships. and mortality rates for both species of blood clams. as well as some ancillary data on the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. The study provides baseline data for establishing management practices and regulations for the blood clam fishery. The total estimated abundance in the study area was about 16 million N. ponderosa and 6.4 mi llion A. ova/is. Of the clams taken in commercial catches on the oceanside of the eastern shore, M. mercenaria constitutes about 84%, N. ponderosa 15%, and A. ova/is I%. in our field survey, M. mercenaria was the most abundant species (72% of the total catch), followed by N. ponderosa ( 17%) and A. ova/is ( 11 %). Densities for blood clams averaged 0.35 clams m-2, or 3,500 clams per hectare. and were highest in shell and shell/mud substrate (I. I and 1.2 clams m- 2 • respectively). Growth studies and age-size data show that A. ova/is grows about twice as fast as N. ponderosa and that market-size N. ponderosa (about 56 mm in shell height) may be 8+ years old. We also present information on mortality rates and morphometric relationships for both species of blood clams, and recommendations for maintaining and enhancing the fishery

Population structure of the arkshell clams Noetia ponderosa and Anadara ovalis in the oceanside lagoons and tidal creeks of Virginia and implications for fisheries management

Two species of arkshell (blood) clams, Noetia ponderosa and Anadara ovalis, have · recently been targeted by watermen on the Eastern Shore of Virginia for sale to east coast markets. Until 1991 fishermen caught both species in conjunction with the harvest of oysters and hard clams and considered them of little value. Very little is known about either species, and preliminary data from our pilot study in 1993 indicated that blood clams were being overfished. In September, 1994 we conducted a survey in the oceanside lagoon system along the Eastern Shore and collected data on density, abundance, habitat preference, and mortality rates for both species of blood clams, as well as some ancillary data on the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. The study provides baseline data for establishing management practices and regulations for the bloodclam fishery. Mean clam density for all species in the study area was 1.26 clams per m2 , with the majority of clams occurring in shell/mud substrate. The total estimated abundance in the study area was about 15 .2 million Noetia, 9 .6 million Anadara, and 62.2 millionMercenaria. Of the clams taken in commercial catches on the oceanside of the Eastern Shore, Mercenaria constitutes approximately 84%, Noetia 14.7%, andAnadara 1.4%. Length-frequency data from both the field survey and commercial catches indicate that blood clam stocks are being depleted. We also studied relationships between size and age of blood clams using the acetate peel method. These data, along with growth studies, show that Anadara grows about twice as fast as Noetia and that market-size Noetia (approximately 56 mm in height) may be 8 years old or more. We also present information on mortality rates and morphometric relationships for both species of blood clams, and recommendations for maintaining and enhancing the fishery

Long-term efficacy and safety of fostemsavir among subgroups of heavily treatment-experienced adults with HIV-1

Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand how demographic and treatment-related factors impact responses to fostemsavir-based regimens. Design: BRIGHTE is an ongoing phase 3 study evaluating twice-daily fostemsavir 600 mg and optimized background therapy (OBT) in heavily treatment-experienced individuals failing antiretroviral therapy with limited treatment options (Randomized Cohort 1-2 and Nonrandomized Cohort 0 fully active antiretroviral classes). Methods: Virologic response rates (HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/ml, Snapshot analysis) and CD4+ T-cell count increases in the Randomized Cohort were analysed by prespecified baseline characteristics (age, race, sex, region, HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ T-cell count) and viral susceptibility to OBT. Safety results were analysed by baseline characteristics for combined cohorts (post hoc). Results: In the Randomized Cohort, virologic response rates increased between Weeks 24 and 96 across most subgroups. Virologic response rates over time were most clearly associated with overall susceptibility scores for new OBT agents (OSS-new). CD4+ T-cell count increases were comparable across subgroups. Participants with baseline CD4+ T-cell counts less than 20 cells/μl had a mean increase of 240 cells/μl. In the safety population, more participants with baseline CD4+ T-cell counts less than 20 vs. at least 200 cells/μl had grade 3/4 adverse events [53/107 (50%) vs. 24/96 (25%)], serious adverse events [58/107 (54%) vs. 25/96 (26%)] and deaths [16/107 (15%) vs. 2/96 (2%)]. There were no safety differences by other subgroups. Conclusion: Week 96 results for BRIGHTE demonstrate comparable rates of virologic and immunologic response (Randomized Cohort) and safety (combined cohorts) across subgroups. OSS-new is an important consideration when constructing optimized antiretroviral regimens for heavily treatment-experienced individuals with limited remaining treatment options

The Time-resolved Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science Instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The newly constructed Time-resolved atomic, Molecular and Optical science instrument (TMO), is configured to take full advantage of both linear accelerators at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the copper accelerator operating at a repetition rate of 120 Hz providing high per pulse energy, as well as the superconducting accelerator operating at a repetition rate of about 1 MHz providing high average intensity. Both accelerators build a soft X-ray free electron laser with the new variable gab undulator section. With this flexible light sources, TMO supports many experimental techniques not previously available at LCLS and will have two X-ray beam focus spots in line. Thereby, TMO supports Atomic, Molecular and Optical (AMO), strong-field and nonlinear science and will host a designated new dynamic reaction microscope with a sub-micron X-ray focus spot. The flexible instrument design is optimized for studying ultrafast electronic and molecular phenomena and can take full advantage of the sub-femtosecond soft X-ray pulse generation program

Long-term Mortality in HIV-Positive Individuals Virally Suppressed for >3 Years With Incomplete CD4 Recovery

Virally suppressed HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy who do not achieve a CD4 count >200 cells/µL have substantially increased long-term mortality. The increased mortality was seen across different patient groups and for all causes of deat

Identificação sorológica e relação filogenética de Salmonella spp. de origem suína

Salmonella spp. é um importante patógeno zoonótico que pode ser disseminado ao longo da cadeia produtiva de suínos. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de Salmonella spp. em fezes de suínos de terminação na granja, no pré-abate e amostras ambientais, identificar os sorovares e estabelecer a relação filogenética entre os isolados. Foram realizadas três coletas em lotes diferentes de suínos alojados na granja de terminação e nos mesmos animais após o transporte ao frigorífico totalizando 90 parcelas e 9 amostras ambientais. O transporte não influenciou na porcentagem de isolamento do microrganismo (p>0,05). Das 99 amostras, 50 (50,5%) foram identificados como Salmonella spp., sendo identificado uma multiplicidade de sorovares: Agona (30%), Typhimurium (26%), Minnesota (24%), Infantis (18%) e Panama (2%). Os dendrogramas demonstraram homologia entre isolados dos diferentes sorovares agrupados em clusters. A similaridade foi independente do local de isolamento indicando a presença de vários clones. As principais fontes de infecção determinadas foram a contaminação cruzada entre animais e ambiente e o consumo de ração contaminada. A diversidade de sorovares e a homologia entre eles indicam origem comum, demonstrando necessidade de monitoramento de bactérias zoonóticas e de implantação de medidas de controle mais eficazes para Salmonella spp. em suínos