Errores innatos del metabolismo: Enfermedades lisosomales

Dentro de los errores innatos del metabolismo se encuentran las enfermedades de almacenamiento lisosomal o enzimopatías lisosomales, las cuáles se caracterizan por un déficit enzimático específico, la excreción de metabolitos por la orina y la acumulación de los compuestos no degradados en diferentes órganos y tejidos que ocasionan la disfución de éstos. Tienen un patrón de herencia autosómico recesivo, excepto para la enfermedad de Fabry y la enfermedad de Hunter en las que el patrón de herencia está ligado al cromosoma X. Estas enfermedades tienen una baja incidencia en general, aunque hay poblaciones donde algunas de ellas tienen una alta incidencia. Su importancia radica en la magnitud que representan como problema de salud, por la pobre calidad de vida de esos pacientes, así como su fallecimiento prematuro, motivo por el cual hay que evitar los nacimientos de nuevos niños afectados.<br>Among the metabolism inborn errors, there are the lysosomal storage diseases or lysosomal enzymopathies that are characterized by an specific enzymatic deficiency, excretion of metabollites in urine and accumulation of non-degraded compounds in various organs and tissues causing their dysfunction. These diseases have a recessive autosomal heredity, except for Fabry´s disease and Hunter’s disease in which the pattern of heredity is chromosome X-linked. These diseases have a low incidence in general although there are populations where they show a high incidence. Their importance lies in what they represent as a health problem because of the poor quality of life of these patients and their early death, therefore, it is necessary to prevent the birth of new infants affected with these diseases

Diagnosis of GM-1 gangliodosis in Cuba

<strong>Background:</strong> GM-1 gangliosidosis is included in the group of lysosomal diseases and is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme b-galactosidase, which as a consequence produces accumulation of GM1 ganglioside in nervous cells and galactosil oligosaccharides and products of keratan sulfate degradation in other tissues. Clinically this disease presents with an early psychomotor impairment, macular cherry red spots, facial dysmorphia, bone deformities and hepatosplenomegaly. It has a hereditary autosomic-recessive pattern. <strong>Objective:</strong> To determine of β-galactosidase acid activity in patients with suspicion of GM-1 gangliosidosis. <strong>Methods:</strong> From 1986 to 2006, 1851 patients have been received in our laboratory from all the country, of which 851 had the diagnostic impression of GM-1 gangliosidosis. In samples from patients, parents and controls, the activity of leukocyte b-galactosidase was determined by a fluorimetric technique (metilumbelliferil derivatives) and leukocyte protein level was determined according to Lowry’s method. <strong>Results and conclusions:</strong> The diagnosis of GM-1 gangliosidosis was attained in 11 patients, and the enzymatic activity was three times lower in patients with respect to their parents and five times lower with respect to controls. The enzymatic activity was not related with gender or age. <strong><br /></strong