Analysis of the Processes Necessary to Obtaining to Electricity Market License in Selected Western European Countries of ENTSO-E system

Cílem této diplomové práce je popsat trh s elektrickou energií ve vybraných státech západní Evropy (Německa, Francie, Itálie a Velké Británie) a procesy nutné pro získání povolení vstupu na trh s elektrickou energií ve vybraných zemích.Katedra elektroenergetiky a ekologieObhájenoThe aim of this diploma thesis is to describe electricity market in chosen countries of Western Europe (Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain) and necessary procedures which you need to enter electricity market in these countries

Analysis of the Processes Necessary to Obtaining to Electricity Market License in Selected Western European Countries of ENTSO-E system

Cílem této diplomové práce je popsat trh s elektrickou energií ve vybraných státech západní Evropy (Německa, Francie, Itálie a Velké Británie) a procesy nutné pro získání povolení vstupu na trh s elektrickou energií ve vybraných zemích.Katedra elektroenergetiky a ekologieObhájenoThe aim of this diploma thesis is to describe electricity market in chosen countries of Western Europe (Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain) and necessary procedures which you need to enter electricity market in these countries

Bronstedova kyselost tří- a dvou-dimenzionálních zeolitů

The zeolite activity in processes driven by Bronsted acid sites is determined by the distribution of the protons in the zeolite and strength of their interaction with the framework. This study aims to assess how much the transformation from three-dimensional (3D) bulk zeolite to its corresponding two-dimensional (2D) layered form changes the proton distribution and strength of the proton-framework interaction and thus how much it affects the zeolite Bronsted acid strength. Zeolites with three distinct topologies, MWW, PCR, and MFI, which form also layered analogues with considerably different thickness and silanol density were considered. To probe the Bronsted acidity of both 3D and 2D forms, an array of typical acidity descriptors (i.e., O-H stretching frequency, shift of O-H frequencies upon adsorption of CO probe molecule, C-O stretching frequencies and adsorption enthalpies of the CO adsorption complex) have been evaluated, employing both dispersion-corrected density functional theory and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using these descriptors, the Bronsted acidity of 2D form is, on average, the same or just slightly lower than that of the 3D form. Transformation to layered form does affect the proton distribution and values of acidity descriptors for individual T sites, however, if all T sites are considered, the aggregate effect is almost negligible. Hence, these results suggest that a larger effect of the 3D - > 2D transformation can be expected for frameworks with fewer distinct T sites.Aktivita zeolitů v procesech řízených Bronstedovými kyselými centry je stanovena pomocí distribuce protonů v zeolitu a síly jejich interakce s mřížkou. Tato studie je zaměřena na míru v jaké transformace 3D zeolitů na odpovídající 2D zeolity mění jejich protonovou distribuci a sílu interakce protonů s mřížkou

Measuring the Brønsted acid strength of zeolites – does it correlate with the O–H frequency shift probed by a weak base?

Brønsted-acid zeolites are currently being used as catalysts in a wide range of technological processes, spanning from the petrochemical industry to biomass upgrade, methanol to olefin conversion and the production of fine chemicals. For most of the involved chemical processes, acid strength is a key factor determining catalytic performance, and hence there is a need to evaluate it correctly. Based on simplicity, the magnitude of the red shift of the O–H stretching frequency, Δν(OH), when the Brønsted-acid hydroxyl group of protonic zeolites interacts with an adsorbed weak base (such as carbon monoxide or dinitrogen) is frequently used for ranking acid strength. Nevertheless, the enthalpy change, ΔH0, involved in that hydrogen-bonding interaction should be a better indicator; and in fact Δν(OH) and ΔH0 are often found to correlate among themselves, but, as shown herein, that is not always the case. We report on experimental determination of the interaction (at a low temperature) of carbon monoxide and dinitrogen with the protonic zeolites H-MCM-22 and H-MCM-56 (which have the MWW structure type) showing that the standard enthalpy of formation of OHCO and OHNN hydrogen-bonded complexes is distinctively smaller than the corresponding values reported in the literature for H-ZSM-5 and H-FER, and yet the corresponding Δν(OH) values are significantly larger for the zeolites having the MWW structure type (DFT calculations are also shown for H-MCM-22). These rather unexpected results should alert the reader to the risk of using the O–H frequency shift probed by an adsorbed weak base as a general indicator for ranking zeolite Brønsted acidity