Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer with Metastasis to Lymph Nodes

A great number of scientific studies have shown that the development of different TNBC forms is closely associated with the induction of various signaling pathways and that TNBC cells show greater sensitivity to different drugs. Recent studies showed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was strongly correlated to clinicopathological features in many types of cancers. This molecule seems to play a significant role in the development of different tumors and breast cancer among them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between immunohistochemical expression of novel prognostic marker—HIF-1α—and clinicopathological features for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Among 162 breast cancer patients, we identified 111 (68.5%) subjects with triple-negative breast cancer. In our study, TNBC was most commonly assessed as G2 and G3 (52.2%; 45.1%), pT1 and pT2 (34.2%; 62.1%), and pN1 and pN2 (45%; 41.4%). TNBC more often presented HIF-1α expression (43.2%) than non-TNBC (35.2%). TNBC subgroup demonstrated significant correlation between HIF-1α expression and tumor size (pT1–pT4) (p = 0.021), which may suggest that HIF-1 alpha expression in this group of patients may be an additional and significant marker in the evaluation of the advance of the disease, affecting therapeutic decisions

The multidirectional role of osteopontin in cancer

Osteopontin (OPN) was described for the first time as a potential marker of neoplastic transformation by Senger et al. in 1979. Studies suggesting an important role of OPN in oncology, allergology, nephrology and cardiology have been published for many years. However, the largest number of articles pertains to the role of OPN in neoplastic transformation and will surely facilitate future determination of OPN levels in blood or cancer tissues with the pur­pose of disease diagnosing, staging, prognosing metastases and monitoring the treatment effectiveness. Numerous studies showed that high OPN expression levels accompany metastases formation; the protein was also confirmed to be involved in stimulation of cell proliferation and formation of new blood vessels, i.e. angiogenesis. OPN was also shown to be capable of binding the CD-44 receptors, which facilitates migration and invasion of cancer cells into the blood vessels. Correlation was also demonstrated between OPN expression and the time to disease recurrence and overall survival in patients with breast cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer, hormone-depen­dent prostate cancer, kidney cancer and endometrial cancer. The exact mechanism responsible for OPN’s role in neoplastic transformation remains unclear and numerous research studies are conducted in this area