44 research outputs found

    automatic and noninvasive indoor air quality control in hvac systems

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    This paper presents a methodology for assessing and monitoring the cleaning state of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a building. It consists of a noninvasive method for measuring the amount of dust in the whole ventilation system, that is, the set of filters and air ducts. Specifically, it defines the minimum amount of measurements, their time table, locations, and acquisition conditions. The proposed method promotes early intervention on the system and it guarantees high indoor air quality and proper HVAC working conditions. The effectiveness of the method is proved by some experimental results on different study cases

    Impact of diet and nutraceutical supplementation on inflammation in elderly people. Results from the RISTOMED study, an open-label randomized control trial.

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    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Eating habits may influence the life span and the quality of ageing process by modulating inflammation. The RISTOMED project was developed to provide a personalized and balanced diet, enriched with or without nutraceutical compounds, to decrease and prevent inflammageing, oxidative stress and gut microbiota alteration in healthy elderly people. This paper focused on the effect on inflammation and metabolism markers after 56 days of RISTOMED diet alone or supplementation with three nutraceutical compounds. METHODS:A cohort of 125 healthy elderly subjects was recruited and randomized into 4 arms (Arm A, RISTOMED diet; Arm B, RISTOMED diet plus VSL#3 probiotic blend; Arm C, RISTOMED diet plus AISA d-Limonene; Arm D, RISTOMED diet plus Argan oil). Inflammatory and metabolism parameters as well as the ratio between Clostridium cluster IV and Bifidobacteria (CL/B) were collected before and after 56 days of dietary intervention, and their evolution compared among the arms. Moreover, participants were subdivided according to their baseline inflammatory parameters (erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein, fibrinogen, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa (TNF-α), and Interleukin 6) in two clusters with low or medium-high level of inflammation. The evolution of the measured parameters was then examined separately in each cluster. RESULTS:Overall, RISTOMED diet alone or with each nutraceutical supplementation significantly decreased ESR. RISTOMED diet supplemented with d-Limonene resulted in a decrease in fibrinogen, glucose, insulin levels and HOMA-IR. The most beneficial effects were observed in subjects with a medium-high inflammatory status who received RISTOMED diet with AISA d-Limonene supplementation. Moreover, RISTOMED diet associated with VSL#3 probiotic blend induced a decrease in the CL/B ratio. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, this study emphasizes the beneficial anti-inflammageing effect of RISTOMED diet supplemented with nutraceuticals to control the inflammatory status of elderly individuals

    The economic impact of moderate stage Alzheimer's disease in Italy: Evidence from the UP-TECH randomized trial

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    Background: There is consensus that dementia is the most burdensome disease for modern societies. Few cost-of-illness studies examined the complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) burden, considering at the same time health and social care, cash allowances, informal care, and out-of-pocket expenditure by families. Methods: This is a comprehensive cost-of-illness study based on the baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (UP-TECH) enrolling 438 patients with moderate AD and their primary caregiver living in the community. Results: The societal burden of AD, composed of public, patient, and informal care costs, was about �20,000/yr. Out of this, the cost borne by the public sector was �4,534/yr. The main driver of public cost was the national cash-for-care allowance (�2,324/yr), followed by drug prescriptions (�1,402/yr). Out-of-pocket expenditure predominantly concerned the cost of private care workers. The value of informal care peaked at �13,590/yr. Socioeconomic factors do not influence AD public cost, but do affect the level of out-of-pocket expenditure. Conclusion: The burden of AD reflects the structure of Italian welfare. The families predominantly manage AD patients. The public expenditure is mostly for drugs and cash-for-care benefits. From a State perspective in the short term, the advantage of these care arrangements is clear, compared to the cost of residential care. However, if caregivers are not adequately supported, savings may be soon offset by higher risk of caregiver morbidity and mortality produced by high burden and stress. The study has been registered on the website www.clinicaltrials.org (Trial Registration number: NCT01700556). Copyright � International Psychogeriatric Association 2015

    Socioeconomic Predictors of the Employment of Migrant Care Workers by Italian Families Assisting Older Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Evidence from the Up-Tech Study

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    Background: The availability of family caregivers of older people is decreasing in Italy as the number of migrant care workers (MCWs) hired by families increases. There is little evidence on the influence of socioeconomic factors in the employment of MCWs. Method: We analyzed baseline data from 438 older people with moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), and their family caregivers enrolled in the Up-Tech trial. We used bivariate analysis and multilevel regressions to investigate the association between independent variables - education, social class, and the availability of a care allowance - and three outcomes - employment of a MCW, hours of care provided by the primary family caregiver, and by the family network (primary and other family caregivers). Results: The availability of a care allowance and the educational level were independently associated with employing MCWs. A significant interaction between education and care allowance was found, suggesting that more educated families are more likely to spend the care allowance to hire a MCW. Discussion: Socioeconomic inequalities negatively influenced access both to private care and to care allowance, leading disadvantaged families to directly provide more assistance to AD patients. Care allowance entitlement needs to be reformed in Italy and in countries with similar long-term care and migration systems. � 2015 The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved

    Climatizzatore da trasporto per uso biomedico e scientifico

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    Brevetto rilasciato il 18/02/1998 dal Ministero dell'Industri

    Organic Parmesan Cheese On-line Traceability: A feasible solution

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    The need to increase the whole of the organic Parmesan cheese supply chain agents\u2019 trust in the products origin encourages the adoption of a transparent traceability management. An experiment has been carried out to implement an effective traceability system for organic Parmesan cheese. A traceability solution was developed by the joint work of the University of Bologna, ICEA (an organic certification body), and Voxnet (a system integrator specialized in agro-food and supply chain management. Its features include a standard procedure for data management along the supply chain, a simple and cheap system for the data uploading and transfer, and making data easily and quickly available. The result is web-based traceability software that manages the data collected at the dairy plant. Its implementation implied the definition of an online standard traceability procedure, linking all the supply chain agents, and the adoption of a technically sustainable data reading support; so far other supports, like RFID tags, did not work. We adopted a barcode system printed on a casein label placed on the Parmesan cheese pie; the data, collected at the cheese pie level, are transferred along the supply chain. The traceability process was tested in different organic dairy plants, and a cost estimation of its application to the organic cheese producers was performed. The system works; a 100% success in reading the data from the barcode after 24 months resulted. The process seems economically feasible; even if a formal calculation of the consumer-trader willingness to pay has not been performed, a cost increase of five eurocent/kg (the worst scenario)was considered acceptable by the cheese producers involved in the test. Further research should focus on the supply chain governance; previous experiences show that managing the problems related to the inter-firm relationship seems to be one of the most important constraints to the introduction of Parmesan cheese supply chain management

    Late Quaternary catchment evolution and erosion rates in the Tyrrhenian side of central Italy

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    This work assessed the geomorphological evolution and erosion rates in a small clayey catchment of Thyrrenian central Italy, providing chronological constraints for the fluvial deposits of the area for the first time. The study area is the catchment of the Formone stream, a left tributary of the Orcia River (Tuscany, Italy). A 5 km-long section of the valley, up to its confluence with the Orcia, was studied. It has an area of ca. 12 km2 and elevations between ca. 300 and 600 m a.s.l. Two soil samples have been radiocarbon dated. One was located at the top of a fluvial terrace (~20 m above the present thalweg), and the other was located near the water divide of a small tributary catchment: they yielded ages of 2780±40 and 14050±70 yrs B.P., respectively. These chronological constraints allowed us to reconstruct the geomorphological evolution of the area through topographic and GIS analyses, and to estimate late Quaternary erosion rates . The ages provided a chronological reference for the terraced fluvial deposits of the Formone and the upper Orcia catchments. The resultant erosion rates are consistent with those in the literature both for the Tyrrhenian side of central Italy and for Mediterranean Europe. Moreover, the results confirmed that very intense erosion processes occurred as a consequence of the Pleistocene–Holocene climatic change, as observed in the peri-Adriatic belt of central Italy

    Il ruolo dell’infermiere nel processo di donazione degli organi: una revisione della letteratura

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    BACKGROUND Il trapianto di organi è un ambito in crescente espansione, soprattutto nei contesti sanitari più evoluti. L’invecchiamento della popolazione e l’incremento atteso del diabete di tipo 2, con il conseguente aumento dell’incidenza di insufficienza renale, suggeriscono che i pazienti in attesa di trapianto aumenteranno probabilmente di un ulteriore 50%. Di conseguenza, la disponibilità di donatori idonei e di organi è il maggior limite al trapianto d’organi. Ogni anno 1000 persone, che corrispondono a tre persone al giorno, muoiono in attesa di trapianto. Ottenere il consenso dai familiari sembra essere il passo più importante nel processo di donazione. L’infermiere è coinvolto nel processo di donazione degli organi ogni volta che si trova ad assistere pazienti con gravi lesione cerebrali, al fine di preservare i potenziali donatori per il trapianto. OBIETTIVI Effettuare una revisione degli studi pubblicati sul ruolo dell’infermiere nel processo di donazione degli organi. METODI È stata condotta una revisione integrativa della letteratura, che consente di includere sia studi primari che secondari, dall’approccio qualitativo e quantitativo (Whittermore & Knalf, 2005), al fine di ottenere una visione più esaustiva del fenomeno. La ricerca degli articoli è stata effettuata nel giugno 2016, consultando la banca dati Medline, tramite PubMed. Sono stati esaminati tutti gli studi pubblicati dal 1998 al 2016 che hanno investigato la tematica oggetto di studio, al fine di delineare il ruolo chiave che svolge l’infermiere all’interno del processo di donazione degli organi e ragionare sulle principali barriere e ostacoli a questa pratica. Sono stati inclusi nella revisione tutti gli studi primari e secondari; qualitativi o quantitativi; pubblicati in lingua inglese o italiana; che riguardavano la donazione di organi da pazienti in morte cerebrale; che prendevano in considerazione il ruolo dell’infermiere nel percorso di donazione degli organi. La revisione degli studi è stata condotta attraverso un’analisi iniziale dei titoli e degli abstract (23 articoli); una volta identificati gli studi rilevanti sono stati analizzati i testi integrali (20 articoli). Di questi 11 articoli sono stati inclusi nella revisione, poiché rispondenti ai criteri di reclutamento. RISULTATI Dagli studi analizzati emergono le aree tematiche di seguito esposte. - Il ruolo dell’infermiere nel processo di donazione degli organi sembra essere fondamentale per identificare e prendersi cura dei potenziali donatori: se gli infermieri forniscono il giusto supporto alle famiglie (emotivo e di supporto al lutto), fornendo loro informazioni chiare ed adeguate, offrendo loro la possibilità di prendere una decisione informata riguardo la donazione degli organi, le possibilità di consenso alla donazione aumentano. Gli infermieri inoltre, coordinano l’intero percorso il team di intervento, il team di richiesta, i pazienti e le loro famiglie ed i riceventi degli organi, secondo principi di efficienza, efficacia ed appropriatezza organizzativa, al fine di incrementare i tassi di donazione. - Gli ostacoli alla donazione, sembrano essere principalmente legati alla mancanza di privacy durante la dichiarazione di morte cerebrale e la successiva richiesta di donazione; alla mancata instaurazione di un rapporto di fiducia tra i membri della famiglia ed i professionisti della salute, che non forniscono informazioni esaustive sulla procedura, portando di conseguenza la famiglia a rifiutare la donazione. Spesso inoltre, la famiglia non è conoscenza dei desideri, credenze, attitudini della persona deceduta in tema di donazione e di trapianto di organi. Infine, la mancanza di conoscenza sul concetto di morte cerebrale come criterio per stabilire la diagnosi di morte, è stata identificata essere la ragione principale per il rifiuto al consenso. - La formazione dello staff sembra essere dirimente nel favorire il processo di donazione. Diversi autori hanno evidenziato come spesso gli operatori sanitari sono impreparati e poco formati per fornire un’assistenza adeguata ai familiari di un potenziale donatore e che le conoscenze e credenze nei confronti della donazione e del trapianto di organi, sembrano influenzare positivamente la donazione. Infatti, gli infermieri, sentendosi più preparati a rispondere alle domande dei familiari, sono in grado di trasmettere l’importanza del gesto del dono. LIMITI L’aver considerato solo la donazione da morte cerebrale escludendo così le altre categorie di donazioni di organi e tessuti, quali la donazione da vivente e la donazione da morte cardiocircolatoria, potrebbe limitare i risultati della ricerca ad una categoria specifica di soggetti. CONCLUSIONI I risultati della revisione hanno evidenziato il ruolo chiave dell’infermiere nel processo di donazione di organi che, se opportunamente formato ed inserito in percorsi clinici validati e certi, è in grado di incrementare i tassi di donazione e aumentare la soddisfazione e la fiducia da parte dei familiari dei donatori. Sarebbe dunque auspicabile, favorire e formalizzare la presenza infermieristica, non soltanto nella fase tecnica legata al prelievo e al trapianto di organi, ma durante l’intero processo di donazione per supportare le famiglie dei potenziali donatori e fornire così un’assistenza di qualità, tenendo sempre presente, comunque, che di fronte ad un eventuale rifiuto di donazione, l'atteggiamento e le modalità relazionali non devono cambiare, ed è doveroso rispettare l'opinione contraria di quella famiglia
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