Foucault Revisited

Janet Semple wrote that Panopticon was the only book by Jeremy Bentham that Michel Foucault had ever read. It follows that Bentham scholars have considered Foucault’s Discipline and Punish as both a critical and an incomplete analysis of Bentham’s thought. The recent 2004 edition of Foucault’s unpublished lectures at the College de France and the 2006 seminal paper by Christian Laval, a French Bentham scholar from the Centre Bentham, give grounds for reappraising received ideas on the relationship between Foucault and Bentham. Foucault’s understanding of Bentham clearly goes beyond concepts of surveillance to focus on the idea of governance; the latter is more in tune with contemporary Bentham studies. Concepts used by Foucault in his lectures, such as that of ‘frugal/frugality’ not only derive from Bentham’s writings but are more relevant to an analysis of Bentham’s philosophy than the corresponding concept ‘economical/economy’ used by contemporary scholars. Over the years, Foucault seems to have moved on from an incomplete and therefore inaccurate knowledge of Bentham to a deeper understanding of his work. This paper not only challenges Bentham scholars’ prejudices against Foucault’s analysis but also aims at overcoming received ideas about Bentham’s philosophy among the French academic community

Smart cities as panopticon: Highlighting blockchain’s potential for smart cities through competing narratives

This chapter argues that the narratives of smart cities demonstrate the potential value of blockchain technologies. Drawing upon competing narratives within the cultural imaginary, both the ‘dream’ of a better city, and the ‘fear’ of an oppressive structure will highlight the need to consider both Bentham and Foucault’s Panopticon. The term ‘panopticon’ is defined and explored within the context of blockchain technology. In doing so three concepts are identified: the enabling nature of a panopticon; the use of a blockchain-enabled-panopticon to encourage human flourishing; and the ability for technology such as this to enhance standards above a basic minimum of the law. This chapter suggests that understanding smart cities, panopticon and blockchain, may allow for a better account for competing narratives of fear that can lead to a deeper understanding of how this technology can be deployed.</p