2,574 research outputs found
Incorporating a metropolis method in a distribution estimation using Markov random field algorithm.
Markov Random Field (MRF) modelling techniques have been recently proposed as a novel approach to probabilistic modelling for Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs)[34, 4]. An EDA using this technique, presented in [34], was called Distribution Estimation using Markov Random Fields (DEUM). DEUM was later extended to DEUMd [32, 33]. DEUM and DEUMd use a univariate model of probability distribution, and have been shown to perform better than other univariate EDAs for a range of optimization problems. This paper extends DEUMd to incorporate a simple Metropolis method and empirically shows that for linear univariate problems the proposed univariate MRF models are very effective. In particular, the proposed DEUMd algorithm can find the solution in O(n) fitness evaluations. Furthermore, we suggest that the Metropolis method can also be used to extend the DEUM approach to multivariate problems
Solving the Ising spin glass problem using a bivariate EDA based on Markov random fields.
Markov Random Field (MRF) modelling techniques have been recently proposed as a novel approach to probabilistic modelling for Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs). An EDA using this technique was called Distribution Estimation using Markov Random Fields (DEUM). DEUM was later extended to DEUMd. DEUM and DEUMd use a univariate model of probability distribution, and have been shown to perform better than other univariate EDAs for a range of optimization problems. This paper extends DEUM to use a bivariate model and applies it to the Ising spin glass problems. We propose two variants of DEUM that use different sampling techniques. Our experimental result show a noticeable gain in performance
Convergence of the Born Series with Low-Momentum Interactions
The nonperturbative nature of nucleon-nucleon interactions as a function of a
momentum cutoff is studied using Weinberg eigenvalues as a diagnostic. This
investigation extends an earlier study of the perturbative convergence of the
Born series to partial waves beyond the 3S1-3D1 channel and to positive
energies. As the cutoff is lowered using renormalization-group or model-space
techniques, the evolution of nonperturbative features at large cutoffs from
strong short-range repulsion and the iterated tensor interaction are monitored
via the complex Weinberg eigenvalues. When all eigenvalues lie within the unit
circle, the expansion of the scattering amplitude in terms of the interaction
is perturbative, with the magnitude of the largest eigenvalue setting the rate
of convergence. Major decreases in the magnitudes of repulsive eigenvalues are
observed as the Argonne v18, CD-Bonn or Nijmegen potentials are evolved to low
momentum, even though two-body observables are unchanged. For chiral EFT
potentials, running the cutoff lower tames the impact of the tensor force and
of new nonperturbative features entering at N3LO. The efficacy of separable
approximations to nuclear interactions derived from the Weinberg analysis is
studied as a function of cutoff, and the connection to inverse scattering is
demonstrated.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, minor additions, to appear in Nucl. Phys.
Intra-guild compensation regulatesspecies richness in desert rodents
Evidence from numerous studies suggests that species richness is an emergent property of local communities. The maintenance of species richness, despite changes in species composition and environmental conditions, requires compensatory colonization and extinction events with species coming from a regional pool. Using long-term data from a rodent community in the Chihuahuan Desert, we use randomization methods to test the null hypothesis that changes in species richness occur randomly. We find that the dynamics of species richness differ significantly from a random process, and that these nonrandom dynamics occur largely within the most speciose guild. Finally, we propose a general framework for assessing the importance of species compensation in maintaining biodiversity within local communities. Our results highlight the importance of niche complementarity and compensation in maintaining relatively constant species richness over time
Towards a Model-Independent Low Momentum Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
We provide evidence for a high precision model-independent low momentum
nucleon-nucleon interaction. Performing a momentum-space renormalization group
decimation, we find that the effective interactions constructed from various
high precision nucleon-nucleon interaction models, such as the Paris, Bonn,
Nijmegen, Argonne, CD Bonn and Idaho potentials, are identical. This
model-independent low momentum interaction, called V_{low k}, reproduces the
same phase shifts and deuteron pole as the input potential models, without
ambiguous assumptions on the high momentum components, which are not
constrained by low energy data and lead to model-dependent results in many-body
applications. V_{low k} is energy-independent and does not necessitate the
calculation of the Brueckner G matrix.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, minor changes and additions, to appear in Phys.
Lett.
Temperature dependence of the spin and orbital magnetization density in around the spin-orbital compensation point
Non-resonant ferromagnetic x-ray diffraction has been used to separate the
spin and orbital contribution to the magnetization density of the proposed
zero-moment ferromagnet . The alignment of the
spin and orbital moments relative to the net magnetization shows a sign
reversal at 84K, the compensation temperature. Below this temperature the
orbital moment is larger than the spin moment, and vice versa above it. This
result implies that the compensation mechanism is driven by the different
temperature dependencies of the spin and orbital moments. Specific heat
data indicate that the system remains ferromagnetically ordered throughout
Temperature correction to the Casimir force in cryogenic range and anomalous skin effect
Temperature correction to the Casimir force is considered for real metals at
low temperatures. With the temperature decrease the mean free path for
electrons becomes larger than the field penetration depth. In this condition
description of metals with the impedance of anomalous skin effect is shown to
be more appropriate than with the permittivity. The effect is crucial for the
temperature correction. It is demonstrated that in the zero frequency limit the
reflection coefficients should coincide with those of ideal metal if we demand
the entropy to be zero at T=0. All the other prescriptions discussed in the
literature for the term in the Lifshitz formula give negative entropy. It
is shown that the temperature correction in the region of anomalous skin effect
is not suppressed as it happens in the plasma model. This correction will be
important in the future cryogenic measurements of the Casimir force.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Zero-sum, the niche,and metacommunities: long-term dynamics of community assembly
Recent models of community assembly, structure, and dynamics have incorporated, to varying degrees, three mechanistic processes: resource limitation and interspecific competition, niche requirements of species, and exchanges between a local community and a regional species pool. Synthesizing 30 years of data from an intensively studied desert rodent community, we show that all of these processes, separately and in combination, have influenced the structural organization of this community and affected its dynamical response to both natural environmental changes and experimental perturbations. In addition, our analyses suggest that zero-sum constraints, niche differences, and metacommunity processes are inextricably linked in the ways that they affect the structure and dynamics of this system. Explicit consideration of the interaction of these processes should yield a deeper understanding of the assembly and dynamics of other ecological communities. This synthesis highlights the role that long-term data, especially when coupled with experimental manipulations, can play in assessing the fundamental processes that govern the structure and function of ecological communities
On the energy-momentum tensor for a scalar field on manifolds with boundaries
We argue that already at classical level the energy-momentum tensor for a
scalar field on manifolds with boundaries in addition to the bulk part contains
a contribution located on the boundary. Using the standard variational
procedure for the action with the boundary term, the expression for the surface
energy-momentum tensor is derived for arbitrary bulk and boundary geometries.
Integral conservation laws are investigated. The corresponding conserved
charges are constructed and their relation to the proper densities is
discussed. Further we study the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum
tensor in the corresponding quantum field theory. It is shown that the surface
term in the energy-momentum tensor is essential to obtain the equality between
the vacuum energy, evaluated as the sum of the zero-point energies for each
normal mode of frequency, and the energy derived by the integration of the
corresponding vacuum energy density. As an application, by using the zeta
function technique, we evaluate the surface energy for a quantum scalar field
confined inside a spherical shell.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures, section and appendix on the surface energy for a
spherical shell are added, references added, accepted for publication in
Phys. Rev.
Fluctuations of the Retarded Van der Waals Force
The retarded Van der Waals force between a polarizable particle and a
perfectly conducting plate is re-examined. The expression for this force given
by Casimir and Polder represents a mean force, but there are large fluctuations
around this mean value on short time scales which are of the same order of
magnitude as the mean force itself. However, these fluctuations occur on time
scales which are typically of the order of the light travel time between the
atom and the plate. As a consequence, they will not be observed in an
experiment which measures the force averaged over a much longer time. In the
large time limit, the magnitude of the mean squared velocity of a test particle
due to this fluctuating Van der Waals force approaches a constant, and is
similar to a Brownian motion of a test particle in an thermal bath with an
effective temperature. However the fluctuations are not isotropic in this case,
and the shift in the mean square velocity components can even be negative. We
interpret this negative shift to correspond to a reduction in the velocity
spread of a wavepacket. The force fluctuations discussed in this paper are
special case of the more general problem of stress tensor fluctuations. These
are of interest in a variety of areas fo physics, including gravity theory.
Thus the effects of Van der Waals force fluctuations serve as a useful model
for better understanding quantum effects in gravity theory.Comment: 14 pages, no figure
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