HRVATSKI ŠPORTSKOMEDICINSKI VJESNIK – 30 GODINA IZLAŽENJA

HRVATSKI ŠPORTSKOMEDICINSKI VJESNIK – 30 GODINA IZLAŽENJ

Profil vlastitog doživljaja sebe kod adolescenata s oštećenjem vida u RH

The American psychologist Harter developed a few scales to evaluate the self-concept. Starting point in her method are multidimensionality and the increasing differentiation in the competence fields according to age. A Croatian translation of Harter’s questionnaire “The Self Perception Profile for Adolescents” (SPPA) was used in 30 visually impaired (B2 classification) adolescents. Reliability, in terms of internal consistency was evaluated and the results were compared to those of foreign studies with the sighted adolescent population. Differences between the results of boys and girls were discussed, and differences between profiles of a visually impaired adolescents and their normally sighted peers. Also, the differences between cultures can be detected because the questionnaire was used in several international studies. The aim of this study was to construct a Croatian version of the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA) with visual impairment. The research focuses on the reliability and validity of the Croatian version. The presented research investigated the reliability and validity of a Perceived Competence Scale based on the American (Harter’s) original – SPPA. It was established to assess the adolescent’s perception on school, social, athletic, physical, job, romantic, behavior, close friendship and global selfworth domains. The subjects (N=30) were tested twice in order to investigate the stability between test and retest. The results indicate high test-retest correlations and high internal reliabilities. The correlations among subscales were moderate good. It is concluded that SPPA is a reliable and valid instrument for determining the perception of adolescents on all domains mentioned above. Further research is needed to make the construct of competence more useful for visually impaired adolescents, because the feeling of competence will encourage the adolescent to learn new skills.Američka psihologinja Harter je osmislila nekoliko skala kako bi procijenila samopoimanje pojedinca. Polazna točka u njezinoj metodi je višedimenzionalnost i povećanje diferencijacije u područjima kompetentnosti u skladu s dobi ispitanika. Upitnik Susan Harter,„The Self Perception Profile for Adolescents“ (SPPA), preveden je na hrvatski i korišten na uzorku od 30 slijepih i slabovidnih (B2 klasifikacija) adolescenata. Pouzdanost, u smislu unutarnje konzistencije je procijenjena, a rezultati su uspoređeni s rezultatima inozemnih studijama provedenih na uzorku adolescenata bez problema s vidom. Raspravljalo se o uočenim razlikama između rezultata dječaka i djevojčica i razlike između profilia slabovidnih adolescenata i njihovih vršnjaka bez problema s vidom . Također, uočene su i kulturološke razlike između, s obzirom da je upitnik bio korišten i u nekoliko međunarodnih studija. Cilj ovog rada bio je izraditi hrvatsku verziju upitnika za izradu profila za adolescente s oštećenjem vida, na temelju samoprocjene (SPPA). Istraživanje se fokusira na utvrđivanje pouzdanosti i valjanosti hrvatske verzije upitnika. Ovo istraživanje je ispitalo pouzdanost i valjanost skale percepcije osobnih kompetencija (Perceived Competence Scale) temeljene na originalnom američkom upitniku (SPPA). Upitnikom je procijenjena percepcija adolescenata o sljedećim područjima: školska domena, socijalna domena, sport, fizička domena, posao, romantična domena, blisko prijateljstvo i opće samopoštovanje. Ispitanici (N = 30) su testirani dva puta kako bi se istražila stabilnost između testa i retest. Rezultati ukazuju na visoku test-retest povezanost i visoku pouzdanost. Povezanost između subskala je umjereno dobra. Zaključeno je da SPPA pouzdan i valjan instrument za utvrđivanje osobne percepcije adolescenata u svim gore navedenim područjima. Daljnja istraživanja su neophodna kako bi se izradio što korisniji instrument za utvrđivanje percepcije slijepih i slabovidnih adolescenata, jer osjećaj veće kompetencije će biti poticaj adolescentima da nauče nove vještine

Vlijanie morfologičeskih harakeritik na uspevaemost\u27 v basketbole

Morfološke karakteristike značajno utječu na uspješnost mladih košarkaša u pojedinim segmentima igre, tako i u igri u cjelini. Zbog same strukture igre, uspjeh igrača u igri bazirat će se prvenstveno na kvalitetnoj muskulaturi tijela, a zatim na nekim karakteristikama longitudinalne i transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta - visina tijela, dužini ruke i širini šake. Uloga masnog tkiva zanemarljiva je u ovom uzrastu košarkaša.The investigation carried out on a sample of 115 young basketball players had as its aim to establish achievement in various phases of the game, in defence and attack, as well as the efficiency throughout the duration of the match. The measures of anthropometric features were selected in such way as to represent each latent morphological dimension by three variables. In order to assess the longitudinal dimensions of the skeleton, height of the body, length of arms and legs were measured. The width of the fist, knee diameter helped to assess the transversal dimensions of the skeleton whereas the body weight, circumference of the upper arm and thigh gave data as to volume and mass of the body. Furthermore, the assessment of fat tissue depended upon the measurements of fold on the upper arm, back and lower leg. The effect of anthropometric variables upon the game parameters was established through application of regression analysis. A significant correlation was obtained between the morphological characteristics of young basketball players and their achievement in both the various segments of the game and the game as a whole. First of all, successful attack and defence in the game is related to the mass and volume of the body (the muscle mass). A whole series of defence and attack actions requiring good realization of simple and complex motor tasks rest upon optimally developed musculature even in young players. Furthermore, the efficiency and success are significantly positively related to the longitudinal dimensions of the skeleton, i. e. height, length of arms and legs. Bearing in min basic aims of the game these results are more expected and they have been confirmed in earlier studies. A significant correlation between the measures of transversal dimensionality of the skeleton and achievement in the game is particularly expressed by the correlation coefficient of the width of the fist and success in defence (.49), attack (.46) and efficiency throughout the game (.47). Considering the results, this morphological characteristic is undoubtedly essential for the achievement of players in the game, very likely because every manipulation of the ball during attack is closely related to the fist, partly due to the size of the ball and also because every manipulation of the ball during attack is closely related to the fist, partly due to the size of the ball and also because efficient defence relies greatly u on arm activity and, particularly, upon the most extreme part of the arm, fist. Viewed as a whole, the results lead to a conclusion that is irrelevant which part of the game is being assessed so long as we observe the relation between morphological characteristics and achievement in the game. Namely, the same morphological characteristics are equally important in attack, defence and game as a whole

Projekt: Znanje o prehrani i prehrambene navike sportaša

Prehrana sportaša interes je znanstvenika već desetljećima, od kada postoje takmičenja prisutno je pitanje što jesti i piti da bi se poboljšao rezultat. Danas sigurno znamo da prehrana sportaša utječe na njegovo zdravlje, sastav tijela i masu, iskoristivost energenata za vrijeme aktivnosti, oporavak i igru.  Sport postavlja velike zahtjeve na sportaše. Trenira se šest dana u tjednu, ponekad i dva puta dnevno, a tome se u natjecateljskoj sezoni priključuju i utakmice jednom ili dva puta tjedno. Većina vrhunskih sportaša je aktivna tijekom cijele godine, s kratkotrajnim periodima odmora. Trenažna opterećenja naravno variraju vezano uz različite dijelove sezone. Gledajući s energetske osnove, značajni se zahtjevi postavljaju na anaerobni energetski sustav ili aerobni, ovisno o sportskoj disciplini. Kako bi sportaši zadovoljili svoje energetske potrebe te također osigurali adekvatne količine hranjivih tvari za izgradnju organizma, adekvatna prehrana jedna je od neobično značajnih sastavnica sveukupnog trenažnog procesa. Prehrana, bolje rečeno edukacija o prehrani trebala bi biti sastavni dio treninga. Loša prehrana jednako kao i loš trening može uvjetovati nazadovanje u sportskom rezultatu. Ovdje su posebno vulnerabilne sportašice koje su rizičnija grupa jer imaju veće mogućnosti za razvoj komplikacija i ozljeda koje su vezane za velika tjelesna opterećenja uz loše prehrambene navike (Bass i sur, 2001; Benardot, 1996; Cupisti i sur, 2002)

Znanje o prehrani i prehrambene navike sportaša

Prehrana sportaša interes je znanstvenika već desetljećima, od kada postoje takmičenja prisutno je pitanje što jesti i piti da bi se poboljšao rezultat. Danas sigurno znamo da prehrana sportaša utječe na njegovo zdravlje, sastav tijela i masu, iskoristivost energenata za vrijeme aktivnosti, oporavak i igru

Vrijednost aplikativnih metoda motoričkog učenja u radu s košarkaškim početnicima

The aim of this study was to identify the efficacy of three different teaching methods existing in contemporary sport: the analytical, synthetic and situational methods. The sample of subjects comprised 90 boys, 9 – 10 years of age, who were beginners in basketball. A six-month program was implemented that, regarding the groups analyzed, varied only according to the selection of the motor teaching methods. The assessment of the effects of certain methods was carried out through the analysis of the development of the basic elements of basketball technique. The effects of the program were analyzed using the variance analysis. The kinesiological influence that the subjects were exposed to led to significant changes, regardless of the teaching method, in most of the applied tests for the assessment of the basic motor abilities and the specific motor skills. The biggest effects were initiated by the synthetic teaching method; the analytical method proved to be the most successful one in the most demanding elements, whereas the positive effects of the situational teaching method were manifested the least.Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi djelotvornost metoda učenja – analitičke, sintetičke, situacijske, u poduci košarkaške igre. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 90 dječaka uzrasta od 9 do 10 godina, košarkaških početnika. Proveden je šestomjesečni program rada koji se razlikovao jedino prema navedenim metodama učenja između odabranih podskupina. Procjena efekata pojedinih metoda učenja provedena je uvidom u razvoj specifičnih motoričkih znanja – temeljnih elemenata košarkaške tehnike i uspješnosti u igri. Učinci programa analizirani su jednosmjernom analizom varijance. Kineziološki program kojemu su bili podvrgnuti ispitanici uključivao je tri košarkaška treninga tjedno i nastavu tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Tijekom trajanja programa došlo je do značajnih pozitivnih promjena, neovisno o metodi učenja u svim testovima za procjenu specifičnih motoričkih znanja. Najveći pomaci kako kod većine elemenata košarkaške tehnike tako i kod uspješnosti u igri uočljivi su uvidom u rezultate grupe koja je trenirala sintetičkom metodom učenja. Analitička metoda pokazala se najprimjenjivijom kod usvajanja složenijih elemenata osnovne košarkaške tehnike, dok su pozitivni efekti situacijske metode bili najmanje izraženi. Prema dobivenim rezultatima i provedenoj analizi može se zaključiti da je za populaciju djece, košarkaških početnika, u procesu učenja košarkaške igre najprimjenjivija sintetička metoda, dok bi se analitička metoda trebala primjenjivati u procesu učenja strukturalno složenih elemenata

CHANGES OF RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

We conducted a longitudinal study to examine changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during progressively increasing body exertion in children and adolescents of female sex. In this analysis we only included 23 examinees for whom we had all yearly measurements from examinee\u27s age 9 years until 18 years of age. The data were analyzed according to the chronological and biological age. According to both criteria, the highest RER values were recorded at moments of maximum exertion and they did not increase with age. We found the highest RER values were in the year of the menarche. We interpret these results as related to the effect of estrogen. The beginning of sexual development involves a gradual increase in estrogen plasma concentrations. At one point serum levels of estrogen reach a level high enough to allow for maximum RER values, i.e. causing the optimium anaerobic capacity of the examinee. this threshold estrogen value varies between individuals

Einfluss der physischen Aktivitäten auf die Entwicklung der basisch - motorischen Fähigkeiten bei den jungen

Studija je provedena s ciljem da se utvrde razlike između bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti dječaka, koji su pohađali redovnu nastavu tjelesnog odgoja, i dječaka koji su uz tjelesni odgoj redovito trenirali košarku u okviru košarkaških pionirskih škola. Bazične motoričke sposobnosti testirane su putem 9 standardnih testova na početku školske godine i nakon šest mjeseci. Rezultati analize varijance pokazali su da su obje grupe statistički značajno poboljšale bazične motoričke sposobnosti u periodu od šest mjeseci. Eksperimentalna grupa pionira košarkaša imala je bolje rezultate u većini testova u prvom, kao i u drugom mjerenju. Eksperimentalna grupa ostvarila je značajno veća, poboljšanja u testovima koordinacije i frekvencije pokreta.This study contrasted the basic motor abilities of twelve-year-old boys who participated in a regular elementary school physical education curriculum with those who participated in a regular elementary school physical education curriculum with the addition of basketball training three times a week. Motor abilities were tested with 9 standard tests at the beginning of the school year and after six months. The results of the variance analysis have shown that both groups significantly improved their basic motor abilities within the six month’s period. The experimental group that had a basketball training added to their physical education curriculum had better results in almost all tests in the first and in the second testing. The experimental group had made significantly greater improvements on the tests of co-ordination and frequency of movements.Das Ziel dieser Forschung war die Feststellung der Unterschiede bei den basisch-motorischen Fähigkeiten der Jungen, die regelmäßig nur dem Sportunterricht beiwohnten, im Gegensatz zu denen, die neben dem normalen Unterricht noch regelmäßig Basketball im Rahmen einer Kindersportschule für Basketball trainierten. Die basisch-motorischen Fähigkeiten wurden am Anfang des Schuljahres durch neun Standardtests geprüft und noch einmal nach 6 Monaten. Die Resultate der Varianzanalyse haben gezeigt, dass beide Gruppen Statistisch bedeutend ihre basisch-motorischen Fähigkeiten innerhalb von 6 Monaten verbessert haben. Die Experimentalgruppe des Basketballnachwuchs hatte bessere Resultate in meisten Tests erreicht, sowohl bei der ersten als auch bei der zweiten Messung. Die Experimentalgruppe zeigte bedeutenderen Fortschritt in der Koordination und in der Bewegungsfrequenz