Parabalani : A Terrorist Charity in Late Antiquity

Les émeutiers alexandrins qui assassinèrent Hypathie, la mathématicienne néo-platonicienne en 415, provenaient d’une association charitable appelée parabalani, composée de chrétiens pauvres mais en bonne santé, recrutés sous l’autorité du patriarche dans le but de prendre soin des malades. Après examen de l’émergence des soins hospitaliers dans l’Antiquité tardive, ainsi que de la législation du code théodosien de 416 et 418 restreignant le nombre et les activités des parabalani, il apparaît que ceux-ci, par référence à un passage de la Théophanie d’Eusèbe sont plus correctement appelés parabolani. Leur détermination à courir des risques dans leurs activités charitables fait penser au groupe mieux connu des philoponoi. En tant que chrétiens ils pouvaient parfois agir avec violence comme agents du patriarche.The Alexandrian mob that murdered Hypatia, the neo-Platonist mathematician, in 415 came from a charitable group called parabalani, consisting of poor but healthy Christians recruited under the authority of the patriarch for the purpose of caring for the sick. After a review of the emergence of hospital care in late antiquity as well as legislation in the Theodosian code from 416 and 418 restricting the number and activities of the parabalani, they are shown, by reference to a passage in Eusebius’ Theophany, to be called more correctly parabolani, whose willingness to run risks in charitable work evokes the better known philoponoi. As Christians they could sometimes act violently as agents of the patriarch

A Study of Departmentalization on the Elementary Level

The past decade has been filIed with many supposedly innovative ideas which have been designed to improve and upgrade the education process. Organizational patterns involving a team of teachers , the removal of letter and/or class grades, as well as a revamping of curriculum represent some of the changes which have occurred

Religion in Early Fourth Century Roman Palestine: The Kfar ʿOthnay Mosaics

Two mosaics in western Palestine, both dating from the end of the 3rd cent. ce (or very early 4th), were discovered relatively recently in Israel. One is clearly Christian, and the other indeterminate, but their proximity in place and time merit a comparative analysis. This can illustrate the nature and diffusion of religious beliefs and symbols at a formative moment in Palestinian history.Deux mosaïques de Palestine occidentale, découvertes récemment en Israël et datées vers la fin du iiie siècle de n. è. (ou juste au début du ive), méritent une analyse comparative : l’une est incontestablement chrétienne mais l’autre reste indéterminée, peut-être juive ou chrétienne ou païenne. L’analyse propose des explications liées à la diffusion des cultes dans la société palestinienne à un moment de transition.تستحق لوحتان من الفسيفساء من غرب فلسطين، اكتشفتا في إسرائيل وأرختا من حوالي نهاية القرن الثالث الميلادي (أو من بداية الرابع)، تستحقان تحليلاً مقارناً: إحداهما مسيحية بلا ريب، لكن تبقى الأخرى غير محددة الهوية، يهودية، مسيحية أو وثنية. يقترح التحليل تفسيرات تتعلق بانتشار العبادات في المجتمع الفلسطيني في لحظة انتقالية

Hexsim: a Preliminary Shell and Tube and Air-cooled Heat Exchanger Design/rating Program

The HEXSIM simulator was debugged and modified to increase user friendliness. Then a user's manual and technical documentation were written. HEXSIM is capable of calculating size and configuration for both shell and tube and air-cooled heat exchangers for sensible heat transfer problems. The methods used are given by Bell (4) for shell and tube exchangers and by the GPSA Engineering Data Book (6) for aircoolers

Jean-Baptiste Yon, Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie XVII. 1 : Palmyre (BAH 195)

The magnificent site of ancient Palmyra in the Syrian desert has been, until the recent disturbances in Syria, exceptionally productive. In the middle of the previous century the history of Palmyra was in the hands of an exceptionally gifted and energetic group of archaeologists and philologists, of whom the most senior and influential were four incomparable French scholars, Henri Seyrig, Daniel Schlumberger, Jean Starcky, and Ernest Will. They were succeeded by a younger generation that repl..

Use of Camera Collars to Reassess the Foraging Strategies of Bears in Yellowstone National Park

Black bears and grizzly bears are opportunistic omnivores that consume a seasonally dynamic diet that varies over time and space. Changes in climate may influence the abundance and distribution of foods consumed by bears, which may place bears in closer proximity to humans and increase human-bear interactions. Therefore, reliable data on bear diets will remain important information for managers. Previous studies of bear foraging relied on visiting locations from GPS collars and documenting bear activity, but evidence of activity or foraging was observed at only 30–50% of locations. Emerging technologies, such as GPS camera collars, can provide new insights into the ecology of cryptic animals, including bears, and could be used to better understand the dynamic nature of their diets. During 2014–2016, we deployed GPS camera collars on 3 grizzly bears and 3 black bears in Yellowstone National Park as a pilot study to gain insights about the nutritional ecology of these species. Field crews observed sign of bear activity at ~52% of the GPS locations searched, which is comparable to other studies. However, when we compared the sign found by field crews to videos recorded by the collars at the same locations, the two methods matched only 18.6% of the time. This low congruence demonstrates a need to improve methods to understand foraging activities. Inference may be improved by matching rich datasets from GPS-tracking devices (i.e., location information and accelerometer data) with video documentation to predict bear foraging behaviors

Robotic Postural Training With Epidural Stimulation for the Recovery of Upright Postural Control in Individuals With Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study

Activity-based training and lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) have the potential to restore standing and walking with self-balance assistance after motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI). However, improvements in upright postural control have not previously been addressed in this population. Here, we implemented a novel robotic postural training with scES, performed with free hands, to restore upright postural control in individuals with chronic, cervical (n = 5) or high-thoracic (n = 1) motor complete SCI, who had previously undergone stand training with scES using a walker or a standing frame for self-balance assistance. Robotic postural training re-enabled and/or largely improved the participants’ ability to control steady standing, self-initiated trunk movements and upper limb reaching movements while standing with free hands, receiving only external assistance for pelvic control. These improvements were associated with neuromuscular activation pattern adaptations above and below the lesion. These findings suggest that the human spinal cord below the level of injury can generate meaningful postural responses when its excitability is modulated by scES, and can learn to improve these responses. Upright postural control improvements can enhance functional motor recovery promoted by scES after severe SCI

Enhancement of protective immune responses by oral vaccination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing recombinant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA or ApxIIA in mice

We previously induced protective immune response by oral immunization with yeast expressing the ApxIIA antigen. The ApxI antigen is also an important factor in the protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 infection; therefore, the protective immunity in mice following oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing either ApxIA (group C) or ApxIIA (group D) alone or both (group E) was compared with that in two control groups (group A and B). The immunogenicity of the rApxIA antigen derived from the yeast was confirmed by a high survival rate and an ApxIA-specific IgG antibody response (p < 0.01). The highest systemic (IgG) and local (IgA) humoral immune responses to ApxIA and ApxIIA were detected in group E after the third immunization (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 after challenge with an A. pleuropneumoniae field isolate did not change significantly in the vaccinated groups. The level of TNF-α increased in a time-dependent manner in group E but was not significantly different after the challenge. After the challenge, the mice in group E had a significantly lower infectious burden and a higher level of protection than the mice in the other groups (p < 0.05). The survival rate in each group was closely correlated to the immune response and histopathological observations in the lung following the challenge. These results suggested that immunity to the ApxIA antigen is required for optimal protection