Les stratégies de contrôle de la qualité sanitaire dans les Organisations de Producteurs de tomates

Our paper deals with free-riding issues in product safety control at the collective marketing level. It focuses on the empirical findings of the exhaustive face to face survey that has been conducted in 2007 by the authors with the quality managers of the tomato growers'unions of France. Our survey was supported by the National Tomato Charter, a regrouping of most of the French tomato growers'unions. Its aim was to identify the differences in monitoring and enforcement practices at the collective marketing level and to search for any group size effect on such practices. A main finding of our paper is that, beyond public regulation and collective rules imposed by the National Tomato Charter, POs implement voluntary control rules for a better control of free riding behavior within the group. Such additional rules differ both in monitoring intensity (measured by the number of pesticide residue analysis performed voluntarily by the group) and in sanction level (applied in case of deviation to the collective rule). Differences in safety control are not only triggered by customers specific requirements but also by group size (measured by the number of growers within the group). Eventually, our paper draws some perspectives for a more in-depth analysis of free riding issues. First, it calls for paying more attention to factors such as intra-group heterogeneity and differences in customers requirements. Second, it underlines the need for a more extensive analysis which includes safety control practices at the production level and wonders whether such practices are a complement or a substitute of control practices at the marketing level. ...French Abstract : Ce texte aborde les problèmes d'action collective dans le contrôle de la qualité sanitaire des produits avant leur mise en marché par les Organisations de Producteurs. Il est une synthèse des résultats de l'enquête menée auprès des responsables qualité de l'ensemble des OP adhérant à la Charte Nationale Tomate sur leurs pratiques de contrôle de la qualité sanitaire des tomates. L'enquête a eu le soutien des responsables de la Charte Nationale Tomate, qui regroupe la quasi-totalité de la production organisée en France. Elle avait pour objectif d'identifier la diversité des pratiques de contrôle au sein des OP et de mesurer l'effet de la "taille de l'OP" sur les modalités de contrôle mises en place. L'enquête montre qu'au-delà des règles communes imposées par la réglementation et la Charte Nationale Tomate, les OP mettent en place des démarches de contrôle diversifiées qui se différencient à la fois par l'importance de la surveillance (mesurée en nombre d'analyses de résidus de pesticides) et par le niveau des sanctions appliquées en cas de dérogation à la règle adoptée. Elle explique enfin la diversité de ces démarches, non seulement par les exigences de la clientèle mais aussi par la taille du groupe (mesurée par le nombre de producteurs). Notre rapport se termine par une discussion sur les améliorations à apporter à ce premier travail. Des précisions sont à apporter tout d'abord sur l'hétérogénéité intra et inter groupes et sur les niveaux d'exigences de la clientèle. Un complément d'analyse est ensuite nécessaire pour mieux caractériser l'effort de contrôle en amont du produit, au niveau de la production et pour étudier la complémentarité ou la substituabilité des deux types de contrôle: contrôle sur les pratiques en production, contrôle sur le produit.PRODUCERS' UNIOS; FREE-RIDING; MONITORING; ENFORCEMENT; CONTROL; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; TOMATO; FRANCE; ORGANISATIONS DE PRODUCTEURS; PASSAGER CLANDESTIN; SANCTION; CONTROLE; RESIDUS DE PESTICIDES; TOMATE

Pesticide safety risk management in high value chains : the case of Turkey and Morocco

Deliverable D16. Projet FP7 : SUSTAINMED - Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries.International audienceFresh produce pesticides safety risks have grown during the last twenty years, into a major concern of north European consumers and governments. Although Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPC) consumers are not yet very demanding as regards to fresh produce safety, risks are significant and increasingly taken into consideration by MPC local governments and modern food chain operators. Product standards (Maximum Residue Limits) and more recently process standards (Good Agricultural Practices, GAP) have turned into the most efficient solution to control and reduce the level of pesticides on fresh produce. Defined by a variety of public and private actors, they are implemented and controlled at different levels of the chain by public and private actors as well. Accordingly, safety control has turned into a key issue for the development of MPC fresh produce export and local markets. Task 4 of Work Package 5 expands on safety control issues and give insights into how MPC fresh fruits and vegetables chains organise to comply with private and public, national and international safety standards and thus get access to export and modern domestic markets. The deliverable deals with food safety control in the MPCs or more precisely pesticide safety risk management in high value chains of Morocco and Turkey. More precisely, it aims at identifying and analyzing: the diversity of management schemes implemented by local growers to comply with public and private standards, both in the export and domestic high value chains; the economic, organisational, and institutional drivers of the diffusion of those standards in MPCs; the individual determinants of the adoption of specific pest management patterns and farm product certification