What Are the Differences in the Area of Profitability and Efficiency When Early and Late Adopters Are Analyzed Regarding the Basel III Leverage Ratio?

Data Availability Statement: Data available on the databases mentioned in the text.This research investigates whether banks that adopted new regulatory requirements earlier, such as Basel III, are more profitable, as well as more efficient, than banks that adopted these requirements later. In addition, all 138 banks are based in the G7 member countries, which are the most developed countries in the world. Also, banks are categorized into early and late adopters based on Basel III Leverage Ratio performance by using Fitch Connect. Moreover, profitability ratios, such as the Return on Equity, Return on Assets and efficiency ratio Operating Efficiency, were collected from Fitch Connect to analyze if early adopters were more profitable and efficient than the late adopters. Also, STATA is used to analyze descriptive statistics and a univariate analysis of both groups. Furthermore, the finding is that early adopters of the Basel III Leverage Ratio are not the more profitable or efficient firms compared to late adopters as anticipated. In addition, the results of early and late adopters do not differ that much in the analysis regarding profitability and efficiency ratios. This implies that it is not necessarily correct to assume that stricter regulation, such as Basel III, will negatively affect the profitability or efficiency of banks. In addition, these results are useful to regulators and policymakers of the G7 member countries for two reasons. Also, regulators can clearly see how banks are adopting new stricter regulation.This research received no external funding

NAČINI OBAVLJANJA KOMUNALNIH DJELATNOSTI U SUSTAVU KOMUNALNOG GOSPODARSTVA

Komunalno gospodarstvo obuhvaća dio gospodarstva koji se odnosi na pružanje usluga u komunalnim djelatnostima, koje se zbog svoje posebnosti moraju posebno pravno odrediti i urediti unutar tog područja. Posebnost komunalnih djelatnosti očituje se u vrsti usluga koje predstavljaju temelj urbanog življenja. Lokalna vlast, kao dio ukupnog sustava vlasti koja je najbliža građanima, u mogućnosti je pratiti i prepoznati potrebe građana i na vrijeme reagirati kako bi se potrebe građana zadovoljile u najvećoj mogućoj mjeri. To između ostalog znači stalnu brigu o tome da komunalne djelatnosti, koje se obavljaju kao javna služba i koje su prijeko potrebne kako bi se zadovoljile opće društvene potrebe, funkcioniraju uredno. Cilj ovoga rada je odrediti pojam komunalnih djelatnosti i dati pregled načina obavljanja komunalnih djelatnosti kako je to propisano odredbama Zakona o komunalnom gospodarstvu