LCA of aquaculture systems:methodological issues and potential improvements

Purpose: The aquaculture sector is the fastest growing food production industry. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) can be a useful tool to assess its environmental impacts and ensure environmentally sustainable development. Years ago, critical reviews of LCA methodology have been conducted in that field to evaluate methodological practice. However, how effective were these reviews in improving LCA application? Are there any remaining issues that LCA practitioners should address in their practice? Methods: We tackle the above questions by critically reviewing all LCA cases applied to aquaculture and aquafeed production systems from a methodological point of view. A total of 65 studies were retrieved, thus tripling the scope of previous reviews. The studies were analysed following the main phases of the LCA methodology as described in the ISO standards, and the authors’ choices were extracted to identify potential trends in the LCA practice. Results and discussion: We identified five main methodological issues, which still pose challenges to LCA practitioners: (i) the functional unit not always reflecting the actual function of the system, (ii) the system boundary often being too restricted, (iii) the multi-functionality of processes too often being handled with economic allocation while more recommendable ways exist, (iv) the impact coverage not covering all environmental impacts relevant to aquaculture and (v) the interpretation phase usually lacking critical discussion of the methodological limitations. We analysed these aspects in depth, highlighting trends and tendencies. Conclusions: For each of the five remaining issues, we provided recommendations to be integrated by practitioners in their future LCA practice. We also developed a brief research agenda to address the future needs of LCA in the aquaculture sector. The first need is that emphasis should be put on the construction of aquaculture life-cycle inventory databases with a special need for developing countries and for post-farming processes. Additionally, method developers should develop and/or refine characterisation models for missing impact pathways to better cover all relevant impacts of seafood farming

Prospective assessment of the aquaculture sector: National policies and environmental impacts

The demand for food is rising due to a growing world population and increasing wealth, requiring a significant increase of food production globally. This needs to happen in a sustainable manner, and aquaculture (i.e. seafood farming) appears like a promising solution, as it is associated to more environmental-friendly production than other animal protein sources and to a significant growth potential. However, most of the aquaculture growth policies implemented in the recent decades have failed due to an insufficient anticipation of the policies environmental and socioeconomical implications at large. This PhD project participated to tackle this problem and produced a framework to assess the current and future environmental sustainability of aquaculture growth policies, i.e. to anticipate the implications of these policies in terms of environmental impacts and therefore support policy-makers in making more environmental-friendly policies. Scenarios of aquaculture development were thus built using an economic model to ensure economic viability, after which the environmental impacts of these scenarios were quantified using life cycle assessment. The framework was applied on two case studies: (i) the implementation of the “30-by-30” policy in Singapore and (ii) the diversification of the aquaculture sector in terms of species and technologies in Norway, both until 2040. Based on the results of the case studies, recommendations for policy-makers were established and specific reductions of environmental impacts in the aquaculture sector were advocated, such as which technologies and species to prioritize and which feed options to encourage.Doctor of Philosoph